Friday, December 27, 2019

The Greatest Generation During World War II And The Great...

The Greatest Generation was the generation during World War II and the Great Depression. What made them great were their perseverance, patriotism, and sacrifice throughout the WWII era. The citizens that make up the Greatest Generation served their country in any way possible until they could no longer serve. Tom Brokaw describes the backgrounds of theses patriotic Americans, as well as their experiences during and after the war. Ordinary People John Caulfield was the founder of a group called â€Å"ROMEO†, which stood for â€Å"Retired old men eating out† (77). This organization began with a group of teenagers that lived ordinary lives, playing baseball and swimming in creeks in a community called Kerry Corner. Caulfield’s childhood was most troubling after his father passed, in addition to the Depression years, which led to him living in poverty. Young men, such as John Caulfield, immediately enlisted into the armed forces, after news got around about the attack on Pearl Harbor. They were stuck with surprise, but most importantly patriotism to support their country in need. After the war and they returned home, they held values and morals that they learned from the war. Caulfield, and majority of the Greatest Generation, had difficulties understanding the newer generations, and why they did not hold the same values and morals that made America so great. Although, Caulfield would not bec ome frustrated, they were â€Å" . . . too proud and, in a way, so pleasantly surprised by how theirShow MoreRelatedHow the Greatest Generation Won WWI1294 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Greatest Generation Won WWII, Saving the World. The Greatest Generation† is a term that Tom Brokaw coined to describe those individuals who were born roughly between the years of 1909-1928. Every generation after the Greatest Generation owes their gratitude toward this generation for the livelihoods we enjoy today. The Greatest Generation had endured some of the toughest times in the history of the United States, growing up in the Great Depression, Dust Bowl, and then fighting in theRead MoreThe Greatest Generation Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Greatest Generation† is a term used to describe the generation who were the children of the Great Depression and who became the adults of the Second World War (Brokaw). There may be strong reasons why other generations may be considered great. The generation born during the war undertook the task of putting a man on the moon. This is perhaps the most important of all human endeavors. They are certainly worthy of being considered great but not the greatest. In fif teen years America and indeedRead MoreEssay about My Generation1036 Words   |  5 Pagesas to whether or not this generation, Generation Y, has a role in America’s future. Considering our teenagers and children are the adults of tomorrow, I would argue that, in fact, they do have an impact. Every new generation has a role in the future of our country, as they fill the gaps of other people that can’t work anymore or have passed away. It just becomes a matter of how we use this power to impact society. Although the generation is very capable of producing great leaders, politicians, andRead MoreA Time For Change . William G. Pollard, A Physicists, Had1509 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history most of the great periods of change can be traced back to an event or discovery. In early man, man hunted for food with his hands until he acquired the technology necessary to make weapons. During this period, man hunted and gathered food as they walked through the vast earth. This was until the discovery of agriculture and farming allowed many to stay in one spot and raise a family. We have witnessed changes due to the spread of religion, and great periods of change brought forwardRead MoreThe Greatest Generation Of The World War II Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesMany of the Greatest Generations’ core values have been challenged by later generations due to changes in the economy, politics, war, social equality, technology, and the family structure. The Greatest Generation, a name that journalist Tom Brokaw popularized, refers to the generation that grew up during the Great Depression, served during World War II, and then worked hard and prospered after the War. The Greatest Generation believed in following rules and not questioning authority, focusing onRead MoreEssay on Summary of World War Two1195 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of World War Two World War II is the name commonly given to the global conflict of 1939-1945. It is said to be the greatest and most destructive war in world history. The World War II military operations were conducted primarily in Europe but also in Asia, Africa, and the far islands of the Pacific as well. More than 17 million members of the armed forces perished during the conflict. It caused strain on the economic capabilities of the major nations and left many countries on theRead MoreThe Reasons For The Outbreak Of The Second World War1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe reasons for The Outbreak of The Second World War World War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion ofRead MoreMyth And The Greatest Generation1596 Words   |  7 PagesAMS-445-001 Myth and The Greatest Generation In the decades after the â€Å"Good War,† many attempts have been made to extol this generation in the media. Myth and the Greatest Generation: A Social History of Americans in World War II by Kenneth D. Rose, attempts to shine light on how life actually was for the generation that survived World War II, and came to be known as the greatest generation, rather than how that generation appears to us today. Rose claims that when people discussed the war they choose toRead MoreMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society1650 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Name Institution Date Major Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Two greatest historical turning points in the World War II through 1970s Many historical events happened in the II world war as rescored in the 1970s. One of the major happenings was the Kent State shootings that happened in May 4, 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen were on duty as they guarded students who were on a strike in Kent state college. One ofRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw Essay456 Words   |  2 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw They came of age during the Great Depression and the Second World War and went on to build modern America; men and women whose everyday lives of duty, honor, achievement, and courage made our nation the greatest on earth. This quote is fittingly descriptive of the achievements and importance the post World War II generation had on us. In Tom Brokaws Book, The Greatest Generation, Brokaw describes in a very personal and detailed

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The September 11 Terrorist Attacks - 1736 Words

On September 11, 2001 an Islamic terrorist organization named al-Qaeda committed a devastating and scaring act of terrorism towards the United States. There was four different attacks that occurred which were carried out by four passenger airliners that were hijacked. Two of the attacks took place in New York City (World Trade Center’s North and South Towers), one was at the Pentagon in Arlington Country (Virginia), and the other occurred in a field in Shanksville (Pennsylvania), which was thought to have been intended for the Capitol or White House. These attacks were carried about a group name al-Qaeda which was led by Osama bin Laden, who was latter killed after being captured by the United States. Osama bin Laden’s motivation for†¦show more content†¦At 8:19 Flight 11’s crew contacted ground personnel to the hijacking of Flight 11 and stayed on the line even after being hijacked by the al-Qaeda members. At 8:20 American Airlines Flight 77 took off en route to Los Angeles after short delay. At 8:24 Mohammed Atta, one of the hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 accidently contacted air traffic control and ground control. At 8:37 air traffic control contacted the military once they find out the plane had been hijacked. The Northeast Air Defense Sector then alerted Air National Guard jets who are ordered to locate and tail the hijacked plane. At 8:42 United Airlines Flight 93 departs Newark International Airport after a long delay. Then on a clear day in New York City Flight 11 crashed into floors 93-99 of the World Trade Center’s North Tower. A few minutes later Emergency Services were mobilized and everyone in the city was shocked or confused. People did not necessarily know that it was a terrorist attack yet, but they were panicking. At 8:50 the White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card told U.S. President George W. Bush that a plane has hit the World Trade Center while he was visiting an elementary school in Florida. Pe ople in the North Tower were instructed to stay put while help was on its way. At 9:02 the South Tower was ordered to evacuate but at 9:03 Flight 175 crashed into its 77-85 floors. At 9:05 the president was alerted about theShow MoreRelatedThe Terrorist Attacks Of September 111500 Words   |  6 PagesThe terrorist attacks of September 11, altered American s perceptions of the role in the world by strongly supporting the increased spending on national security and counterterrorism. Also, Americans have become more aware of how and where to engage in the world. As a result of the attacks, the US now has a defense that totals to nearly half the global total and has military dominance over scene, air, and space. The US also has the capability to dispatch massive military power anywhere in the worldRead MoreThe September 11 Terrorist Attacks904 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the September 11 terrorist attacks, American foreign policy altered to a more neoconservative approach embracin g a proactive policy contingent upon American military power. Unlike the previous cold war policies of the Truman Doctrine that advocated deterrence and containment, this new approach became a hybrid of Wilsonianism and Jacksonianism where liberalism fused with realist means to produce a unilateral American government unafraid to demonstrate their power in order to preserve AmericanRead MoreThe Terrorist Attacks On September 11868 Words   |  4 PagesThe terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 affected American perspectives on many issues, including immigration. A total of 20 foreign terrorists were involved, 19 of whom took part in the attacks that caused the deaths of 2,977 victims, most of them civilians. The terrorists had entered the United States on tourist or student visas. Four of them, however, had violated the terms of their visas. The attack exposed long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. immigration system that included failures in theRead MoreThe September 11, 2001 terro rist attacks2057 Words   |  9 PagesThe September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, now referred to as 9/11, were a series of coordinated, well-planned suicide attacks that involved the use of hijacked passenger jets as a means of destruction . The suicide bombers used the passenger jets as bombs, and ran into the World Trade Center Towers of New York, the Pentagon, and a fourth plane that did not make it to its destination, hit the ground in Pennsylvania. These sudden attacks came as a shock to the people and government of the USA. TheRead MoreAfter The Terrorist Attacks On September 11, 2001, The1876 Words   |  8 PagesAfter the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States has engaged in the global war against terrorism. One of the ways that the United States has engaged in this war is through drone strikes. Drones, otherwise less commonly known as UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) or RPAs (Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems) are the subject of debate all around the globe . They were pioneered by former president George W. Bush and became more popular by the use of former president Barack Obama. Drone strikesRead MoreSeptember 11 Attacks and Nationalist Terrorist Groups Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism Paper 11/16/09 There are several terrorist groups throughout the world today. All the terrorist groups have one common goal and that is to rid the world of Americans and western influence from the Muslim world. There is one organization that has ties to most of all the terrorist groups in the world and is the most infamous group in the world today and that is the group called Al-Qaeda The word Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the base† in Muslim. As an international terrorist organization led by OsamaRead MoreInvolvement And The Effect On The Failure Of The Terrorist Attacks On September 112204 Words   |  9 PagesIn this presentation, I will discuss some examples of failed cooperation and the impact on the failure to prevent the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001; the likelihood of improving cooperation, given the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission; verify whether the reforms recommended have been implemented and of course give some recommendation if any. However, before I dabble into that, I will like to start with intelligence definition, brief history and evolution of intelligence in the UnitedRead MoreThe Criminal Environment Changes After The Terrorist Attacks Of September 111575 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract As the criminal environment changes after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 the U.S. government had to adapt to those changes. And one of the recommended changes was for law enforcement agencies to adapt intelligence-led policing (ILP) to their policing framework. The implementation of will require organizational restructuring and the development of new policies to incorporate the ILP model. Therefore, the success of this implementation depends on everyone in the organization fromRead MoreThe Terrorist Attacks On The World Trade Center And The Pentagon On September 111522 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginally conceptualized as a disorder of combat veterans. Unfortunately, societies all over the world are being more and more exposed to war and its effects due to the increase of worldwide terrorism. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 (9/11), exemplified a blend of extreme violence and man-made disaster previously confined to the battlefield. For American’s terrorism was a new phenomena that brought the atrocities of war to American cities. ItRead MoreThe September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on America: The Division of Nations and Views1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America divided two nations, yet knit one closer like the attacks on Pearl Harbor. There were many events that lead up to 9/11 that were only the beginning. The attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 was the finale. George Bush wrote in his diary, â€Å"The Pearl Harbor of the 21st century happened today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (George Bush). This attack was a surprise, just like Pearl Harbor, but the U.S. reacted swiftly and effectively. The appalling events Now, more than a

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Corporate Strategy

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Strategy. Answer: Introduction According to Burns, (2013) corporate strategy is the choice of the organization reading the type of market and the type of business function that the organization wants to operate in. Strategic management is the function within the organization that formulates and identifies the best corporate strategies for the business and makes use of the appropriate resources for implementation of the strategies. The report focuses on three aspects of corporate strategy. Firstly the report will highlight the key points within corporate strategy. Secondly the features of a good strategy along with the disadvantages will be discussed. Finally the concept of strategic management will be evaluated. Key Ideas from the Links Video link 1: corporate strategy The first video focuses on the concept of corporate level strategy. The video point out that determination of a corporate level strategy depends not only upon the top level management but also on the overall management of the organization. Depending upon the three levels of the strategy implementation three major issues are noted: Directional issue: Occurs when the organization makes a move toward growth, stability and retrenchment Portfolio issue: Occurs when the company has to decide the market for competing Parenting issue: Occurs within the manners in which the management co ordinate activities and use resources (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aku1HUmJzDY) Based on the types of strategies applied there can be two board divisions namely Grand strategies: Hughes, (2012) stated that the grand strategy is the major strategy that provides direction for the specific strategic and functional direction of the company. The companies formulate the grand strategies by focusing on the long term goals. Generic strategies: These are the strategies that require specific skills and organizational arrangements and resources for the purpose of proper implementation. Thus for choosing the appropriate generic strategy, the company needs to focus complete on the success of that sole strategy. Video link 2: Features of a Corporate Strategy According to Lazonick and Teece, (2012) good and successful corporate strategies are attained with the help of high focus on the resources that are to be used for the implementation of the strategy. Moreover, the companies must have a clear direction of the strategy and a good understanding of the core resources of the company. Finally Hill and Jones, (2012) added that for a strategy to be successful, the company should be able to clearly describe the strategy in simple terms which makes the strategy achievable. However Rieger, (2013) argued that there are certain hindrances for generating strategies. Firstly, the company results are required to be evaluated in order to ascertain the degree of accomplishment of the strategies. Secondly, the company faces problems regarding the choice of the strategy (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43kZDnyDXOc). Video link 3: Strategic Management This video highlights the fact that corporate strategy is a combination of strategy formulation and strategy implementation. In order to formulate a strategy, the company firstly needs to identify external competitors, industry analysis and industry evaluation. Secondly, the company needs to make SWOT analysis in order to identify the internal resource capabilities and competitive advantage. Finally, the evaluation of the control system and organization structure indicates the tools required for the success of the strategic implementation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ2tmqRkiCM). Organizational Application of the Ideas Different organizations choose different types of corporate strategies based on the availability of their resources. Wal-Mart for instance has chosen the cost leadership strategy and captured huge market share by providing low costing goods (Ishikawa and Saisho, 2013). This strategy has helped the organization to make up in volume sales for the loss they have incurred in the price levels. On the contrary companies like Lexus have adopted the luxury branding strategy and has targeted only the higher class of customers with high priced items. Nike, for instance adopts niche marketing strategy and targets a very narrow market segment of only the sports persons and the athletics and produces the goods accordingly. The example of Mc Donalds can be taken in case of grand strategy formulation. The fast food retailer adopts the grand strategy in order to increase the sales of the current product or services that they offer with the current distribution channels (Pitt and Koufopoulos, 2012). Mc Donalds focuses on marketing and promotion of the current products in the market rather than focusing on an overall promotional strategy. The company sends coupons to the customers residences that offer some of the old products at discounted rates along with a purchase of the new food items. This stagey attracts the customers attention towards the new products and the sale of the of items are also maintained equally (Lasserre, 2012). Apart from the above mentioned strategies, the tow most commonly focused strategies by the companies are the product development strategies and the market development strategies. Electronic consumable companies like Samsung focuses on the market development strategies. For market development, Samsung focuses on sell of the saturated electronic products in a new market. This helps Samsung to capture a new target market for the old products and simultaneously introduce a new product for the old market. In case of car companies like Ford the adoption of the product development strategy are generally seen. By adopting this strategy the company successfully innovate the present features of the cars by installing safety items and auto driver systems (Lynch, 2012). The product development strategy depends on the product life cycle stage and if the product is in a declining stage or in the maturity stage then this strategy is adopted. Conclusion The report focuses on the different types of strategic implementation within the different types of companies. From the assignment it is clear that the strategies should be adopted by the companies based on the resource availability and the capability of the company. Moreover the report also shows the success of different organizations with adoption of grand, generic and basic growth strategies. Finally, it may be concluded that for successful implementation of the strategies the companies should evaluate the external market conditions and the internal capabilities along with the organizational structure and the types of control available. References Burns, P. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2012). Strategic management essentials. [Mason, Ohio]: South-Western. Hughes, J. (2012). IPhone and iPad apps marketing. Indianapolis, Ind.: Que Pub. Ishikawa, A. and Saisho, T. (2013). Corporate strategy for dramatic productivity surge. Hackensack, NJ: WORLD SCIENTIFIC. Lasserre, P. (2012). Global strategic management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Lazonick, W. and Teece, D. (2012). Management Innovation. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Lynch, R. (2012). Strategic management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Pitt, M. and Koufopoulos, D. (2012). Essentials of strategic management. London: SAGE. Rieger, F. (2013). Corporate strategy. Cape Town: Edge Learning Media. YouTube, (2015). Introduction to Strategic Management. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ2tmqRkiCM [Accessed 14 May 2015]. YouTube, (2015). What is Corporate Level Strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aku1HUmJzDY [Accessed 14 May 2015]. YouTube, (2015). What is Good Corporate Strategy?. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43kZDnyDXOc [Accessed 14 May 2015].

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Relationships In King Lear Essays - King Lear, British Films, Films

Relationships in King Lear King Lear is a play written by William Shakespeare that focuses on the relationships of many characters, some good, some evil. This is a great tragedy that is full of injustice at the beginning and the restoring of justice towards the end. The good are misjudged as evil and the evil are accepted as good. It is not until the end of the play that the righteous people are recognized as such. There is great treachery and deceit involved in the hierarchy of English rule. The great mistake in this play was made by Lear when he decided to divide up his kingdom to his three daughters. In order to determine which share each should get, he had each of his daughters give testimonies of love for him. Cordelia, the youngest, refused to go overboard with her statement. When asked for her testimony, she simply replied, "Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave my heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more no less."(I,i, ln 91-93) Lear becomes enraged and casts her off saying, " Here I disclaim all my paternal care, propinquity and property of blood, and as a stranger to my heart and me hold this from thee for ever."(I,i, ln 113-116). Some think that Cordelia was prideful, or even a fool in her response, but I believe she was simply being honest and true. Another mistake that was made in the course of the play was by the Earl of Gloucester. After being tricked by his bastard son, Edmund, into believing that his other son, Edgar, was plotting to kill him, he put all his faith in Edmund, which would eventually lead to his demise. Besides believing that Cordelia was being true and honest to her father, I think that Lear and the Earl of Gloucester were fools, regarding the banishments of their righteous children. After reading this play, I found it hard to believe that Cordelia was being anything but true in her simple proclamation of love for her father. I can't believe that Shakespeare was trying to portray her as a spoiled, prideful child. I do not believe she was foolish in her decision to restrain from trying to persuade him into giving her a larger portion of his kingdom. I think it was apparent early that Cordelia was struggling with what she was going to say to her father. In her asides she says, "What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent"(I,i, ln 62), and after Regan spoke, "Then poor Cordelia; And yet not so, since I am sure my love's more ponderous than my tongue."(I,i, ln 76-78). It is obvious that she loves her father, but she can't express it the way in which Lear wants her to. Because of this, she is disowned and sent away to France. The King even refers to her as, "Unfriended, new adopted to our hate, dow'red with our curse, and strangered with our oath."(I,i, ln 203-204) . Cordelia's love for her father was shown further when she received the letters concerning Lear's mental state after being mistreated by his two other daughters. It was said that, "now and then an ample tear trilled down her delicate cheek."(IV,iii, ln 12-13). Cordelia then orders for some of the French soldiers to bring Lear to her so that she can look after him before the war between Britain and the French soldiers begins. Her love was further displayed when she says, "But love, dear love, and our aged father's right. Soon may I hear and see him!"(IV,iv, ln 28-29). Because of all of this, I firmly believe that Cordelia truly loved her father and was only being honest when she refused to profess her love for him in order to rule a portion of Britain. Besides believing that Cordelia was true in her response, I also think that Lear was acting as a fool when he disowned his only loving daughter. He made a monumental mistake when he handed over British rule to his two evil daughters, Regan and Goneril. This is what eventually led to his mental breakdown and the deaths of many of the heads of Britain. If he had only chose to keep

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Egyptian Tomb 5 Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies,

Egyptian Tomb 5 Egyptologists had lost interest in the site of tomb 5, which had been explored and looted decades ago. Therefore, they wanted to give way to a parking lot. However, no one would have ever known the treasure that lay only 200 ft. from King Tut's resting place which was beyond a few rubble strewn rooms that previous excavators had used to hold their debris. Dr. Kent Weeks, an Egyptologist with the American University in Cairo, wanted to be sure the new parking facility wouldn't destroy anything important. Thus, Dr. weeks embarked in 1988 on one final exploration of the old dumping ground. Eventually he was able to pry open a door blocked for thousands of years, and announced the discovery of a life time. "We found ourselves in a corridor," he remembers. "On each side were 10 doors and at end there was a statue of Osiris, the god of the afterlife." The tomb is mostly unexcavated and the chambers are choked with debris, Weeks is convinced that there are more rooms on a lower level, bringing the total number to more than 100. That would make tomb 5 the biggest and most complex tomb ever found in Egypt, and quite conceivable the resting place of up to 50 sons of Ramesses II, perhaps the best known of all the pharaohs, the ruler believed to have been Moses'nemesis in the book of Exodus. The Valley of the Kings, in which Tomb 5 is located, is just across the Nile River from Luxor, Egypt. It is never exactly been off the beaten track. Tourism has been brisk in the valley for millenniums: graffiti scrawled on tomb walls proves that Greek and Roman travelers stopped here to gaze at the wall paintings and hieroglyphics that were already old long before the birth of Christ. Archaeologists have been coming for centuries too. Napoleon brought his own team of excavators when he invaded in 1798, and a series of expeditions in 19th and early 20th centuries uncovered one tomb after another. A total of 61 burial spots had been found by the time the British explorer Howard Carter opened the treasure-laden tomb of King Tutankhamun in 1922. Britain's James Burton had burrowed into the site of Tomb 5 in 1820, and decided that there was nothing inside. A dismissive Carter used its entryway as a place to dump the debris he was hauling out of Tut's tomb. In the late 1980s, came the proposed parking area and Weeks' concern. His 1988 foray made it clear that the tomb wasn't dull as Burton said. Elaborate carvings covered walls and referred to Ramesses II, whose own tomb was just 100 ft. away. The wall inscriptions on the companion crypt mentioned two of Ramesses'52 known sons, implying some of the royal offspring might have been buried within. Then, came last month's astonishing announcement. For treasure, the tomb probably won't come to close to Tut's because robbers apparently plundered the chamber long time ago. No gold or fine jewelry has been found so far, and Weeks does not expect to find any riches to speak of. The carvings and inscriptions Weeks and his friends have seen, along with thousands of artifacts such as beads, fragments of jars that were used to store the organs of the deceased, and mummified body parts which tell historians a great amount about ancient Egypt during the reign of its most important king. "Egyptians do not call him Ramesses II," Sabry Abd El Aziz, director of antiquities for the Qurna region said. " We call him Ramesses al-Akbar which means Ramesses the Great." During his 67 years on the throne stretching from 1279 B.C. to 1212 B. C., Ramesses could have filled an ancient edition of the Guinness Book of Records all by himself: he built more temples, obelisks and monuments; took more wives(eight, not counting concubines) and claimed to have sired more children (as many as 162, by some accounts) than any other pharaoh in history. He presided over an empire that stretched from present-day Libya to Iraq in the east, as far north as Turkey and southward into the Sudan. Today, historians know a great deal about Ramesses and the

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Afflict vs. Inflict

Afflict vs. Inflict Afflict vs. Inflict Afflict vs. Inflict By Guest Author Although the words afflict and inflict have similar meanings and are often used in similar ways, they are far from interchangeable in modern English usage. The OED offers the following definitions of afflict: Afflict: 1. trans. To dash down, overthrow, cast down, deject, humble, in mind, body, or estate. 2. intr. To become downcast (with trouble). 3. trans. To distress with bodily or mental suffering; to trouble grievously, torment. refl. To distress oneself, grieve. In the case of afflict the third definition is the closest to the most common use of the word. The emphasis is on the physical or psychological distress caused by whatever the affliction may be. The word afflict is most commonly used when describing an illness or condition. For example: He was severely afflicted with gout. She suffers from a terrible affliction. These sentences demonstrate an accurate use of the word as they describe a form of physical distress. Inflict is defined by the OED as follows: Inflict: 1. trans. To lay on as a stroke, blow, or wound; to impose as something that must be suffered or endured; to cause to be borne. 2. To impose something unwelcome. (Often jocular). The emphasis of the word inflict is upon the imposition, the force and the unwelcome nature with which whatever is being inflicted upon a person is being inflicted. For example: A severe punishment was inflicted on the hooligan. The teacher inflicted a thirty minute detention upon the rowdy pupil. This is an accurate use of the word as it concentrates not on the punishment and the distress it causes but the force with which the punishment was administered. It is of little surprise that these two words are so regularly confused as the OED mentions the word affliction in a further definition of the word inflict as follows: With inverted construction: To afflict, assail, trouble (a person) with something painful or disagreeable. An additional note added to this strand of the definition explains that this is now a rare use of the word inflict. Traditionally the words were more interchangeable but in modern English they are clearly very separate entities. When in doubt ask yourself whether or not you are talking about something somebody is doing to another person – inflict or whether you are talking about something with which somebody is suffering and the distress it is causing them – afflict. This will enable you to use each of the words in the most commonly understood terms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidPrecedent vs. PrecedenceConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The relation of color psychology in Fashion Design Research Paper

The relation of color psychology in Fashion Design - Research Paper Example The essay "The relation of color psychology in Fashion Design" concerns the connection between color psychology and fashion design. That said, black and white might mean something different in different cultures, as black may symbolize mourning in certain cultures, and white may symbolize death in certain cultures. The following is an analysis of the colours white and black, with regard to fashion – why they were popularized, what they mean to society, and what they meant to two of the fashion icons who popularized black and white – Audrey Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe, respectively. Miller (2004) describes his theory of the little black dress and why it is popular and what it means. According to Miller (2004), there are different suspects as to why the little black dress become popularized. Among these is capitalism, history, modernism, and consumption. Capitalism might be responsible for the little black dress simply because the trend began, through Coco Chanel, as indic ated below, and there were designers who were willing to capitalize on this trend. It is simply a case of giving the consumer what they want. The second suspect, according to Miller (2004) is history. According to this theory, outfitting oneself in colorful dress was a function of the rich in history. As men, and women, decided to look less wealthy, and less egalitarian, they chose black, because it made them non-descript. This goes along with the theory put forth by Rubinstein (2001), who states that the rich in Western society. maintained a kind of visual superiority to the middle class, as a way of asserting their superiority in a land where they had to compete for wealth, prestige, power and social rewards. Another historical analysis of the trend concerns Queen Victoria, who was in â€Å"endless mourning,† wearing black, and the black dress worn by Queen Victoria in her mourning came to symbolize mourning in general (Miller, 2004). Modernism is the third suspect on Mille r’s (2004) list. In particular, the aesthetics of modernism is focused upon minimalism. That said, there is also some thought that, in contrast to the theory that black and white dressing represents modernism, there is the thought that the colour black is traditional, and, therefore, designers such as Giorgio Armani have attempted to offer alternatives to black. The theory behind these offerings are that the modern woman is supposed to have security with herself and her roles, so she can leave the black behind and play around with colour (Benstock & Ferriss, 1994). Finally, Miller (2004) identifies consumption as being the reason for the black dress. In this, Miller (2004) states that women have a certain anxiety about choosing colourful dress. Even though they might want to dress in colour, they cannot bring themselves to do so, because of lack of confidence and anxiety. The â€Å"little black dress† was popularized by Coco Chanel in 1926. Chanel, in general, was a fa shion icon, as well as being a fashion designer, as she introduced minimalist fashions at a time when women were still wearing large hats, corsets and high boots. According to De La Haye (1988), Chanel popularized the minimalist look because she recognized that, after the first World War, that women were yearning for a different look, one that did not demand that she continue to immobilise herself in unnatural shapes, just so that she could become fashionable. This period also coincided with the demise of the couture houses (Crane, 2000). Chanel started by designing simple, yet elegant hats

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Loss Aversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loss Aversion - Essay Example In this particular source, the author discusses the issue of cost aversion from a phenomenal perspective. This is because the writer treats the topical issue of finance and cost aversion from a rational perspective where he makes use of radical human experiences to understand the basic principles of finance rather than using complex financial terminologies. Due to this reason, the writer introduces a theme, which is refers to as mental accounting. By mental accounting, each member of the wider population is assumed to be a financial expert because in one way or the other, the person uses his or her mental faculties to undertake and comprehend basic marketing and financial principles. The focus of the work of the writer can therefore be said to be looking at marketing and finance from a behavioral approach rather than a technical approach. From a personal analytical view, it would be said that the content of the writer’s work may concern some justifiable points but not much work was done by the writer to prove the authentication of the facts presented. For instance there was not the use of any financial models. The source would however be strongly criticized on the lack of empirical financial models being used in the data collection process. Though a finance and marketing paper, the writes are seen as writing from a more behavioral perspective. This dismisses the use of any well defined quantitative arguments that could offer a generalized persuasion of the arguments put forth. Camerer, Colin. Three Cheers--Psychological, Theoretical, Empirical--For Loss Aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 42, No. 2 (May, 2005), pp. 129-133. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/30164010 Camerer (2005) is credited as a multi-disciplinary scholar whose research cuts across several fields and acreas of study. His major area however happens to be in finance. The source put forth by Camerer (2005) is

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Topics in cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Topics in cultural studies - Essay Example The seven hills on which this civilization grew were divided into the Eastern and Western halves. The Eastern half comprising Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian, and Esquiline were part of a volcanic ridge. The Western group included the Aventine, Palatine and Capitoline hills. All these seven hills were separated by marshy lands.† (Maps of World, 2008) Government The government had three main stages: Regal that is governed by a monarchy; Republican that was run by two consuls and other elected officials; and Imperial that divided the citizens in three basic classes: the senatorial, equestrian, and lower classes (Spielvogel, 2011). Greece consisted of several city-states that each had its own government: monarchies that were ruled by kings; oligarchies that were run by aristocrats; tyrannies that were lead by one of the aristocrats who obtained power over the others by getting the support of the poor people; and democracies that gave the poor people more power (Carr D. K., 2011). Relig ion / Philosophy â€Å"Very similar cults appear under the names of different gods: fire festivals belong to Artemis, Demeter, Heracles, and even Isis; ox sacrifices in which the ox-slayer flees from the scene of his deed are celebrated in honor of both Zeus and Dionysos; maidens are consecrated to serve in the temples of Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite; a peplos may be woven for Athena as well as Hera† (Burkert & Raffan, 1985). There were plenty of gods to honor in pagan Rome They knew about religious procedures, or rather, the processes and formulas required in any given circumstance to ensure effectiveness of divine assistance. For Romans, religion is not a belief, a feeling, or a mystique; it was purely utilitarian practice (Turcan, 2000). Economics and Trade Greeks ideally lived on small self-sufficient wheat-producing farms, but bad agricultural practices made many households incapable of feeding themselves. Big estates took over, producing wine and olive oil, which were also the chief exports of the Romans (Gill, 2011). The Romans, who imported their wheat and annexed provinces that could provide them with this all-important staple, also farmed, but they also engaged in trade. , the economy of Rome was dependent on slave labor from the expansion until the late Empire (Gill, 2011). Art / Architecture The goal of the classical Greek sculptors was to produce an ideal artistic form. Art is divided into Mycenaean, geometric, archaic, and Hellenistic periods (Gill, 2011). The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The types of columns use in their temples and other buildings are typical of each architectural system or order. The orders are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, and Tuscan (Carr D. K., 2011). The goal of Roman artists was to produce realistic portraits for decoration (Gill, 2011). The goal of Roman artists was to produce realistic portraits for decoration. The Romans brought a lot of new ideas to architecture, of which the three most important are the arch, the baked brick, and the use of cement and concrete (Carr D. K., 2011). References Burkert, W. & Raffan, J. (1985). Greek religion: Archaic and classical. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Carr, D. K. (2011, March 2). Ancient Greek government; Roman Architecture. Retrieved May 2011, 7, from KidePede: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/government/ Carr, T.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay Recently I attended a 7 day residential workshop at Findhorn Foundation in Scotland. The two middle aged co-leaders were very experienced in running this workshop, but had never worked together before. Ineka was Dutch and Annis was from the UK. The twelve participants from varying professional backgrounds were of various ages from mid twenties to mid 60s, from all over the world and with several using English as their second language. Although clearly stated in the application form, this was NOT a therapy group however three people had slipped through the screening process and arrived with diagnosed mental illnesses. Two were on medication but the third, Barbara, was not. The higher the level of an individuals psychological pathology e.g. depression, anger, anxiety the less able he or she is to develop and maintain caring and enriching relationships (Johnson Johnson 2009). This was my second visit to Findhorn, the earlier visit being 34 years ago. The purpose of the workshop was to introduce the members to the work of the Community, a World Heritage Eco Village and a spiritual community which runs many human development courses in its college every year. There was a second purpose of which I was unaware to experience and work through a wide range of emotions to increase positive interrelations. I was strangely obtuse about this second purpose and concentrated only on the first. Entitativity is the perception that a group is cohesive with members bonded together. The stronger the joint goals, shared outcomes, interpsersonal bonds, the greater the apparent entitativity of a group (Welbourne, 1999). Our group had incomplete entitativity, I for one feeling detached throughout. The leaders appeared unaware of the dislike many participants had for Annis, who frequently exhibited unnecessary controlling behaviours. Her autocratic style of leadership was rejected, while Inekas equally autocratic style was acceptable because she was a more agreeable, more authentic person. This conflict was not brought into the open, instead being discussed within subgroups, during recreational times. Anniss controlling behaviour impacted on the groups cohesion; there was entitativity amongst the group AGAINST Annis. We found a bond in our mutual rejection of her though that bond, for me, was not sufficient to make me feel part of the group for many reasons. Socializing outside the group can increase the groups cohesion but we divided along age lines. I couldnt get interested in the younger ones, their beliefs, interests and stories. Counterproductive socializing did not happen, nobody feeling excluded from cliques. One detrimental aspect of our group was our refusing to challenge one another for fear of jeopardizing newly forming friendships, and relying on the group as the source of our current social life. We were a long way from home, in an unknown setting, and needed each other for emotional security. Communication was autonomous rather than allonomous in its style of interaction. We talked directly to each other, rather than via the leaders. There was much praising, supporting and offering of help from us all. We all took care to understand and be understood by those who did not speak English well even when this required considerable effort. Gibb, 1961, established that evaluation, superiority, certainty and control produce defensive communication. There was a defensive reaction to Anniss control and certainty. There was evaluation and superiority expressed by participants, but mostly the leaders, against the non-Findhorn world. We were enlightened insiders educating and influencing the ignorant outer world. These attitudes I rejected, which impacted on my commitment to the group. Much respect for each other and each others contributions to the group efforts were articulated. The more accepting and supportive participants were of each other, the more likely they were to reveal ideas, feelings and reactions. The more trustworthy our groups response to such disclosures, the deeper and more personal the thoughts a participant will share (Johnson et al, 2009). We had revelations of bisexuality, of partnering with a paedophile, of terror at failing to cope with motherhood, of being overwhelmed with the exposure of self revelation. Clearly the group was achieving its goals for some of us, but not for me. I revealed more than I ever have before, but my core emotional wounds I kept hidden. I was astonished by such revelations and wanted to rescue those in distress, lacking any other response to such pain. Corey, Corey Corey, (2010) explains that if someone finds it too difficult to witness anothers pain, the supportive individual attempts to offer pseudo support rather than a genuine expression of concern, and empathy. I felt helpless the first time Barbara howled with pain. I postulate that there may also be pseudo pain. The second time Barbara lay in foetal position and screamed in agony, I was astonished to see her sit back on her chair calmly, well satisfied with the attention she received. The third time she performed I felt a little exploited. Thus I remained an outside observer, wondering if I should feel guilty for not being more empathetic. Power may be directly or indirectly expressed through group norms and values. Norms are agreed modes of conduct and belief that guide the behaviour of group members (Johnson et al, 2009). Our group obeyed the direct power exercised by the leaders. We were also systematically educated in the norms expected of us by the Findhorn Community. This was done in discussion and by the leaders modelling expected behaviours. At one point Annis gave us a lecture on the rules of group sharing sessions, the only time I thought she was directly criticising us and I didnt agree with those rules, wanting to give feedback to the person who had just shared but this was not allowed. Sharing was to be received in silence. The first time Barbara broken into howls of anguish, and shared a nightmarish experience she had had while on a group nature walk, she concluded with Now I feel foolish. I believed she should have been reassured that we had not found her behaviour foolish. I too felt ridiculous after co mpleting a task to show a side of me that others havent seen yet and I demonstrated my three year old self having a tantrum. I needed feedback. I was aware that energy is tied up in withholding feeling. When released, people typically reported terrific physical and emotional relief called catharsis. Barbara appeared not to. While expressing emotions may be culturally inappropriate in some situations it was not at Findhorn but later I questioned whether she actually was experiencing the healing of catharsis. Catharsis alone is limited in regard to producing long-term change. Barbara needed to understand her experience by putting into words those intense emotions but this was forbidden by our group norm which made discussion taboo (Corey et al, 2010). Every individual and group uses a mixture of learning styles, namely experience, reflection, conceptualisation and active experimentation (King Kiely, 2004). Our programme used all these adult learning styles in its varied tasks. We played games, danced, walked in Nature, meditated, listened to lectures, drew, made collages, sang, watched films plus much more. However the programme used mainly structured rather than unstructured exercises, which King Kiely (2004) claim is predominantly used for psycho-educational groups. As our leaders were very experienced they had developed their own toolkit of creative exercises though one participant began to cry during the first mornings session of encounter games designed to bond the group and I felt uncomfortable, and quite disgruntled, at having to take part in these role plays as they were outside my expectations. They were too physical, too unpredictable, for me to feel safe in the group at this stage. Our group had no procedures to seek out dissenting opinions. Group think is the collective striving for unanimity so that there is no appraisal of alternatives. There is lack of reality testing, a weakening of rationality, judgemental thinking and the ignoring of inconsistent external information. Groupthink censors discussion of disagreements or arguments (Quinn Schlenker, 2002). Our group felt strong pressure to agree with one another, and failed to engage in effective discussion. If the leaders believe in members capacities to make important personal changes participants may consequently see the group as a valuable conduit to personal growth. If the leaders listen non-defensively and communicate that they value members subjective experience, members are likely to see the power in active listing. If the leaders are genuinely able to accept others for who they are, participants will learn to accept peoples rights be themselves and be different. Modelling behaviour in groups is one of the most effective ways to teach members how to relate to one another constructively and deeply (Corey et al, 2010). These were our leaders successes, with the exception of Anniss need for too much control. If members feel that they are deeply understood they are more likely to trust that others care about them. A misapprehension of invulnerability, indicated by unjustifiable optimism and too much risk taking was present (Keyton, 2006). The norms of the group meant we were above attack and reproach. One participant, Elka, learned that her lover committed suicide while she was with us, and as a diagnosed depressive herself who had attempted suicide 6 months before, was vulnerable after hearing such news. The leaders offered her no feedback, as per their norms, and welcomed the fact that she opened herself up to this challenge! They stressed that they were not a therapy group but I claimed Findhorn attracted damaged people and its leaders should be trained in crisis management. But there were no contingency plans available for when participants became unstable. Absence of disagreement is the primary cause of groupthink (Courright, 1978). I kept my criticisms to myself in group time but talked about them privately to some participants as similarly did others about Anniss controlling behaviour. Members learn how they function as a person in the world by looking at the patterns they use in the group session (Corey et al, 2010). I protected myself from vulnerability by taking on the role of critical assessor, probing for information, attempting to give advice and paying attention to the dynamics of individuals and the group. Instead of paying attention to how I may be affected in the group, I shifted the focus to others, thus I was left behind as the group developed (Corey et al, 2010). The leaders did not sensitively block this defensive behaviour. They could have pointed out to that I was depriving myself of the maximum benefit from the group by paying more attention to others. Schutz (1958) identifies 4 stages in group development. The first, inclusion, assesses individuals as pondering where they fit in, feeling vulnerable, excited and often fearful. The second stage, control, is the jockeying for leadership, control and power. Who is marginalised, who is threatened, who frustrated with authority problems, who projecting onto the leader? This is where I fitted in, as I became frustrated with the groups unwillingness to express negative thoughts or give personal feedback as per the censoring demands of the leaders. My defensive role of critical observer anchored me to this stage. The third stage, affection, is a time when participants feel a sense of belonging, happiness, love and harmony with each other. The others in the group were able to feel this with each other, but not with Annis. The last stage is termination. Creating an effective group requires an appropriate balance between support and challenge but our group lacked appropriate challenge. Our norms were supportive and several participants used that to take risks but that in-itself was not sufficient. Groups that use confrontation to strip away the defensive behaviour of members often consequently have increasingly defensive interaction. Leaders are best to refrain from highly confrontational involvement until they have developed a trusting relationship with participants. Once interpersonal trust is achieved group members are usually more accepting of challenge (Corey et al, 2010). Theasaurus to here: ie done above. I never gave up the safety of my defensive detachment nor did others in the older sub-group. Resistance is a normal process that can lead to productive exploration in the group. The defensive style may take various forms such as conflict, detachment, distrust or diverting but the underlying fear is of getting close and the vulnerability this implies. The most successful way to deal with difficult behaviours is for the leaders to simply describe to members what they are observing and let the members know how they are affected by what they see and hear. Showing a willingness to understand the members behaviour is the gentlest form of confrontation. Using such a strategy in our group would have been helpful (Corey et al, 2010). When feedback is given honestly and sensitively, members are able to understand the impact they have on others and decide, what, if anything, they want to change about their interpersonal style. Feedback has been associated with increased motivation for change to o (Morran Wilson, 1997). Group leaders need to teach participants how to give and receive feedback. Members are more likely to consider feedback that may be difficult to hear when there is a balance between positive or supportive feedback and corrective or challenging feedback. Members can benefit from both if the feedback is given in a clear, caring and personal way (Morran et al, 1997). Positive feedback should be emphasised during the early stages of the group. However positive and corrective feedback should be balanced during the middle and later stages (Moran et al, 1997). However this did not happen for us. Corrective feedback is more credible, useful and increasingly more accepted by members during the working and ending sages. Leaders need to assist in establishing appropriate norms that encourage the giving and receiving of corrective feedback. (Morran et al, 1997). Our leaders modelled positive feedback but not corrective feedback and the groups success was inhibited accordingly. Our final session involved tasks to put what has occurred in the group into a meaningful perspective and to plan ways to continue applying changes to situations in our daily lives. At this time members need to express what the group experience has meant to them and to state where they intend to go from here. Members need to face the reality of termination and learn how to say good-bye. The potential for learning permanent lessons may be lost if the leader does not provide a structure that helps members review and integrate what they have learned but our leaders did this (Corey et al, 2010). We exchanged email addresses and these emails became a valuable support system, particularly for Elka who returned home to find her lover had killed himself the day before. We all emailed her with our empathy and, in my case, good advice as to seeking help for herself. I remained a rescuer! Assisting members in creating a support system is a good way to help them deal with setbacks and keep focused on what they need to do to accomplish their goals (Corey et al, 2010). There was an evaluation sheet that allowed participants to say what was helpful and what was difficult about the group and ways that the sessions could have been improved. It asked for feedback on the leadership which I didnt give! Even at the very end I remained uncommitted to the group processes. This request for post workshop evaluation was a valid request but not sufficient. Evaluation should have been more frequent, with assessment of the groups needs occurring throughout the programme. Keyton (2006) explains that some members enjoy the group experience so much that they do not want it to end. This was particularly true of our younger members. They felt happiness and pleasure at having had a good group experience, but they also felt sadness and loss that the group was over (Rose, 1989). The final night saw us enjoying a celebratory dinner. Keyton, (2006) claims that celebrating success solidifies individuals connections to the group and helps members gain closure. I found such expressions of sorrow irrelevant, never having moved from the control stage of the group so for me, overall, the group did not achieve its second goal. It was, however, successful in regard to this goal for the younger ones. For us all, the goal of being introduced to aspects of living at Findhorn was achieved. 2726 words.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth

What is the Sixties Scoop? The term Sixties Scoop was coined by Patrick Johnston in his 1983 report Native Children and the Child Welfare System. It refers to the Canadian practice, beginning in the 1960s and continuing until the late 1980s, of apprehending unusually high numbers of children of Aboriginal peoples in Canada [against the Native parents’ will] and fostering or adopting them out, usually into [medium-class]white families. An estimated 20,000 aboriginal children were taken from their families,† (1).The Sixties Scoop refers to a particular phase of a larger history, and not to an explicit government policy. Although the practice of removing Aboriginal children from their families and into state care existed before the 1960s (with the residential school system, for example), the drastic overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in the child welfare system accelerated in the 1960s, when Aboriginal children were seized and taken from their homes and placed, in mo st cases, into middle-class Euro-Canadian families.This overrepresentation continues today (2). In his play, Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth, Drew Hayden Taylor manifests how Janice’s life is greatly impacted by the scoop-up leading to the loss of culture, identity crisis, and lack of sense of belonging. When an individual faces the reality of being adopted, life can become dreadful and disconcerting. Firstly, as part of Janice’s loss of culture, she will encounter herself struggling to connect with her roots by not being able to understand or speak Ojibway (native language).For instance, when Janice says â€Å"†¦ What was that she [Amelia] said to me in that language? †, (Taylor, 80). This part expresses Janice’s desire to know and learn more about her culture. However, learning about it after thirty-six years of absence, will not provide her with the proper knowledge and deeper understanding of Native culture as a whole, on the contrary, it will give Janice only a vague grasp of it. Also, when Janice says â€Å"I wonder if that’s why I bought that white fur coat of mine, my heritage coming through,† (Taylor, 91).In this case, it is clearly appreciated how Janice, who was removed from her family roots during the scoop-up, has grown up with an erroneous picture and false beliefs of what Native people look like As a result, she has created a mistaken perception of herself as an Aboriginal descendant which will repercuss the relationship between the Native environment and herself. In addition to the loss of culture, adoptees will go through an identity crisis, which can potentially make them feel guilty and confused preventing them from moving forward with their lives towards accomplishing their goals.As an illustration, Janice says, â€Å"†¦ I’m sorry I left the way I did. It must have been a horrible Christmas for you. But you must understand I didn’t walk out on you. I walked out on me . To everybody I was Grace, but to me I’m Janice. I don’t know if I can ever be the Grace you wanted, or the Grace Barb wants. I don’t know anything anymore †¦,† (Taylor, 101), she expresses sadness, uncertainty and incapability of discerning right from wrong. Thus, it can be deduced, she is suffering from identity crisis and she is unable to determine whether to hold on to her past or let it go and move on with her life.She is in a state of confusion that has her emotionally unstable. Similarly, when Barb calls Janice Grace, to which Janice responds â€Å"No, it’s not. My name is Janice. I didn’t know about â€Å"Grace† until six months ago. I don’t feel comfortable being addressed that way. It’s like somebody calling you Susan or Victoria all of the sudden. It doesn’t feel right,† (Taylor, 83). It can be said that Janice experiences an ambivalent atmosphere making her uncomfortable and exasperated wit h her surroundings, building a barrier wall between her and others.It is hard to imagine being called by one name all your life, and all of a sudden being told you have another name. It sets you back to the unknown giving you a sense of indignation, uncertainty and vexing. All in all, when an adopted person faces identity crisis, this individual will more than likely experience some alienation, incredulity and frustration. The loss of culture and identity crisis are two major factors affecting Janice’s life; furthermore, most of the indigenous children whom were adopted out during the Sixties Scoop will experience inner conflict due  to a lack of sense of belonging because they cannot find acceptance within themselves and the world around them.For example, Janice tells Barb â€Å"Barb, think about it. I was born here, but I don’t feel at home here and Amelia Earhart does. She’s family and I’m not because the Children’s Aid Society took me away. Doesn’t all this seem a little weird to you? ,†(Taylor, 82-83). This part can be described as ironic because even though Janice recognizes her roots, she feels Otter Lake is not her place to be.She never had the opportunity to establish a connection, to create a bonding between her background and herself. As a consequence she has a lack of affinity towards her biological family and her Aboriginal heritage. Moreover, when Janice confesses to Barb, â€Å"I wanted to belong here so bad. When I drove up that driveway, it seemed like I had prepared my whole life for that meeting. But from the moment I arrived, I knew I didn’t belong. You didn’t even like me,† (Taylor, 91).This expresses how Janice feels about her truth. The inevitable clash between her desire to belong to her past and the reality of her present, all of this leaving her in total perplexity. Therefore, it may be easier for a Native person to adapt to Western culture since they are surround ed by it, while to non-aboriginal people the Native culture is unknown. In other words, Janice feels the need to be accepted, to feel complete, but realizes that there is more to it than just looking like an Indian and wanting to be one.Having said that, it can be concluded that Janice’s life was negatively impacted by the Sixties scoop creating obstacles to the development of a strong and healthy sense of understanding and acknowledgement of her cultural background and heritage. In other words, she finds herself conflicting internally and doubting about her identity, the place she belongs to in the world and the knowledge as well as the appreciation of her stolen life and culture as an Indian.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Star Wars Sci Fi Essay

English Essay Explain how film codes are used to convey the elements of the science fiction genre in the film Star Wars. Start with the element of science fiction and then bring in the example Introduction George Lucas uses film codes in the film Star Wars to help convey the elements of science fiction. The film codes help to portray the science fiction through out the film. Unusual characters, unusual settings and advanced technology all portray the science fiction in the film. Technical, Audio and Symbolic are film codes that are particularly used in the film.Paragraph one Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual characters. This can be shown through the way the camera looks at the character to show power and vulnerability. For example when R2D2 is hiding from the sand people they take a close up of him. This shows that he is vulnerable as the sand people might take him otherwise. Another example of technical codes woul d be when there is a low angle taken of when a sand person is on a bantha. This shows that the sand people are powerful.An example of when audio codes are used is when the sand people speak their different language. This is used to make the viewer unfamiliar with the character and think of them as foreign. Another example of audio is the tribal music, to show that the sand people are coming and make the viewer aware of their presence. These examples of film codes in this scene help to convey this element of science fiction. Paragraph 2 Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual settings. This can be shown through the use of audio one way would be the sound effects.For example when serpent is lurking in the water in the trash contractor. This helps to create suspense for the viewer, as they don’t know what is going to happen. Another example when the trash contractor is shutting, this sound effect helps to create anx iety and worry for the viewer as they wait to see what happens. Technical is another code that is used in this scene to help show the science fiction element of unusual setting. This can be seen when there is a close up of Han solo’s feet in the water. This shows the viewer that the group are vulnerable and creates suspense for the viewer.Another example of a technical code would be when there is a long shot of the trash contractor closing in on Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and Luke. This is example of a technical code shows the viewer that they are in trouble and creates a feeling of anxiety. All of these examples of film codes help to convey the particular element of science fiction. Paragraph 3 Symbolic and Audio codes are used throughout the scene to convey the element of science fiction through the use of good vs. evil. An example of a symbolic code would be how Darth Vader’s lightsaber is red and Obi Wan Kenobi’s in Blue.This symbolises that Darth Va der is evil and Obi Wan Kenobi is good. Another example of a symbolic code can be shown when Darth Vader kills Obi Wan and all that is left is Obi’s coat and Darth Vader stomps on it. This symbolises Obi Wan Kenobi’s power. An Example of an audio code can be shown when there is silence in the movie and all you can hear is the lightsbaers. This creates suspense for the viewer as well as making them anxious. Another example of an audio code is shown when Luke says ‘no’ when Obi Wan Kenobi dies. This shows that Luke cares for him and makes the viewer feel as if it won't be the same with out him.All of these examples of film codes help to convey the science fiction element of Good vs. Evil. Conclusion In conclusion film codes are used throughout the movie to convey the elements of science fiction. The elements of science fiction are portrayed by different films codes and can be seen particularly in Symbolic, audio and technical codes. George Lucas uses film co des to portray the film codes which provides a exciting film Which Element of science fiction Scene 1: Unusual Characters Scene 3: Unusual Settings Scene 4: Advanced Technology

Friday, November 8, 2019

Inclusion Education policies for Special needs

Inclusion Education policies for Special needs Running head: INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR OR AGAINSTInclusive Education Practices Information BookletChris WareAbstractPart 1. An analysis of Inclusion Education Policies.This paper is the first part of a Booklet. It is aimed at academics, teachers and allied health professionals. This essay endeavors to discuss current and past principles of Inclusion education practices and assess just how effective they are towards providing education for all individuals.Inclusive Education Practices Information BookletInclusion policies and their influence on education facilitation are determined by identifying the arguments for and against Inclusive Education. This involves assessing and substantiating three key areas. First, assessing influences of the Macro environment, in particular the Consequentialist, Justice, Rights and Needs arguments. Second, examining of the inter-relationship of inclusive education polices on the micro-environmental factors of parents. Third, evaluating the influence of I nclusive Educational Practices on teachers.Soodak (2003) and Cole (1999) best describe inclusive educational practices as the process where individuals with disabilities receive their education, in general, atypical settings.Education for disabled schooling age children newIn comparison, Education Queensland's (2004) cs-15 Principles of Inclusive Policy document describes Inclusive curriculum as the development of knowledge, skills, attitudes and processes necessary to question how disadvantages have developed within current social structures, and to challenge rather than accept social injustice, and empower people to participate as equals.Are Inclusive education practices the most effective medium to challenge social injustices and empower people to participate as equal? The pros and cons of Inclusive education policies are assessed by two components. The first component is the assessing Norlander's (1995) historical assessment and influence of American Inclusion policy development on Australian Inclusive education practices. The second component is the examination of the macro components of Inclusive education practice as established by Cole (1999). Norlander (1995) defines the first development towards Inclusive Education as the Institutionalization and...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Yam Gruel

Yam Gruel by Ryunosuke Akutagawa Commentary The story â€Å"Yam Gruel† is about a man under the name of Goi, who is supposedly so ordinary that he’s name was not even recorded for any relevance to this story. This story is set in the Heian Period, during the time of courtiers. He was just a plain, simple man, frequently ridiculed by other samurai and disrespected by commoners because of his â€Å"red nose† and plain manner of clothing. Now, one may wonder where the title of this story was taken from. Well, it was taken from Goi’s obsession of yam gruel, which is a special, very expensive delicacy consisting of yam and a rare root. Samurais of his status can only attain this type of delicacy one day out of the entire year at a special celebration in which is everyone is invited therefore the portion of one’s yam gruel is barely enough to attain satiety. At the celebration of Fujiwara Mototsune, Fujiwara, a very wealthy man, overheard Goi say that he hadn’t had enough yam gruel and dec ided to invite him over to his mansion to eat as much yam gruel as he wanted, which Goi agreed to of course which everyone teased and laughed about. So of the two went and traveled to Fujiwara’s place for the principle of satisfying Goi’s graving of yam gruel. They travel so far just for the sake of satisfying Goi’s cravings of yam gruel once and for all. However, when they finally traveled all that distance and the servants went to so much travel acquiring and preparing the yam gruel, Goi lost his desire to eat it and so he only ate a little portion of the entire amount that was prepared and the rest was given a the fox, the messenger who sent word to Fujiwara’s mansion to send men to meet them. Now this story may seem a bit silly but it’s deeper than it seems. You see, all his life Goi wanted to satisfy his craving of yam gruel, that was the only objective he seemed to have in life, in his simple, common life. He thought that b... Free Essays on Yam Gruel Free Essays on Yam Gruel Yam Gruel by Ryunosuke Akutagawa Commentary The story â€Å"Yam Gruel† is about a man under the name of Goi, who is supposedly so ordinary that he’s name was not even recorded for any relevance to this story. This story is set in the Heian Period, during the time of courtiers. He was just a plain, simple man, frequently ridiculed by other samurai and disrespected by commoners because of his â€Å"red nose† and plain manner of clothing. Now, one may wonder where the title of this story was taken from. Well, it was taken from Goi’s obsession of yam gruel, which is a special, very expensive delicacy consisting of yam and a rare root. Samurais of his status can only attain this type of delicacy one day out of the entire year at a special celebration in which is everyone is invited therefore the portion of one’s yam gruel is barely enough to attain satiety. At the celebration of Fujiwara Mototsune, Fujiwara, a very wealthy man, overheard Goi say that he hadn’t had enough yam gruel and dec ided to invite him over to his mansion to eat as much yam gruel as he wanted, which Goi agreed to of course which everyone teased and laughed about. So of the two went and traveled to Fujiwara’s place for the principle of satisfying Goi’s graving of yam gruel. They travel so far just for the sake of satisfying Goi’s cravings of yam gruel once and for all. However, when they finally traveled all that distance and the servants went to so much travel acquiring and preparing the yam gruel, Goi lost his desire to eat it and so he only ate a little portion of the entire amount that was prepared and the rest was given a the fox, the messenger who sent word to Fujiwara’s mansion to send men to meet them. Now this story may seem a bit silly but it’s deeper than it seems. You see, all his life Goi wanted to satisfy his craving of yam gruel, that was the only objective he seemed to have in life, in his simple, common life. He thought that b...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Economic - Essay Example Risk averse individuals are better off with purchase of insurance because they prefer certain losses to uncertain ones of the same scale. Given that the marginal utility of wealth is diminishing they are ready to give up certain and reasonable amount of money in the form of insurance premium to avoid chance of large and uncertain loss. Thus, it is in their interest to buy insurance because of certainty it provides. According to the expected utility model the individuals tend to undertake actions that increase the expected utility value (U), which can be expressed as the function of the income (Y). If the probability of the accident resulting in the loss of X is indicated as P and assuming that insurance company in the case of accident will pay the amount equal to X, the expected utility for an individual who does not buy insurance is equal to: If per unit tax on a good is imposed and the tax revenue is then used to offset the decrease in consumer surplus the consumers still would be worse of than before introduction of the tax. It happens because the consumer bears an excessive burden which is equal to the difference between the value of equivalent variation (compensation that allows the customer to achieve the same level of utility as before tax, graphically – vertical distance between pre- and post-tax indifference curves) and tax revenue that the government can use in order to offset the effect of tax (graphically - vertical distance between corresponding budget constraint lines). It may be beneficial for the companies offering service or good A to introduce a choice of price and service options in order to target the groups of customers with different levels of income and needs. The optimal bundle of the service A and all the other goods will vary depending on the budget constraint and marginal utility of A for a certain group. Introducing number of variations A1, A2,†¦., An (from low price – low service to higher priced

Friday, November 1, 2019

Contemporary issues in conflict and security Essay

Contemporary issues in conflict and security - Essay Example Terrorism has severe social, economic, and psychological impacts on the targeted people. Analysis proves that terrorism often has a genuine grievance to fight for. Also, the strategies they adopt are not considerably crueler than the strategies adopted by many superpowers. Thirdly, it has become evident that terrorism is considerably more unethical because it often targets innocent third parties as the victims. The solution does not lie in armed suppression, but in adopting peaceful ways. Attention should be given to the reasons behind grievances and they should be removed. Also, free communication and liberty should be encouraged in every nation. Lastly, instead of revenge and martyrdom, values like peace and cooperation should be instilled in people. Introduction Terrorism has become one of the most complex and oft-changing phenomena in the international sphere. As a result, it has gained an important position in the agenda of most nations. The surprising fact is that terrorism is present in various forms and various structures, and they have various motivating factors behind them. The root causes of terrorism One can find innumerous reasons behind terrorism when one looks into the works of various scholars who already studied the various aspects of terrorism. As a result, as Crenshaw (1981) opines in the article ‘The causes of terrorism’, it is difficult to find general explanations for terrorism. However, the scholar manages to divide the causes into two categories; the preconditions which are known as root causes and the precipitants which are known as trigger causes. It is possible to further the root causes into enabling factors which mean the factors which offer an opportunity for terrorism to come up, and situations which are direct motivations for terrorist campaigns (ibid). According to Ross (1996), the causes can be divided into three categories, namely structural causes, psychological causes, and rational choice. Following this, Gupta (2004, p. 19) introduced the argument based on ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. According to his opinion, terrorism takes birth when a leading figure manages to give a proper direction to the frustration faced by a number of people and manage to formulate a feeling of collective identity; and also the feeling of ‘we’ versus ‘them’ is successfully developed along with this (ibid). The work by O’Brien (1996) looked into the reasons behind terrorism. According to the scholar, there is a link between the foreign policy of superpowers during the times of international crisis and international terrorism. In order to substantiate his view, the scholar provides the example of the United States and Iraq. Through the work, the scholar proves that the possibility of terrorism increases when one party feels victimized by the superpower (ibid). Another study by Krueger and Malenkov (2003) named ‘Education, poverty and terrorism: is there a casual conne ction?† looks into the impact of lack of education and poverty on people’s tendency to become terrorists. However, after a thorough study of the situation in Israel and Palestine, the scholars reach the conclusion that there is no direct link between education, poverty and terrorism (ibid). In fact, the study observed that the terrorists from those areas were generally better educated that others. Also, the study reveals that the

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Null Hypothesis Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Null Hypothesis Process Analysis - Essay Example In addition, the organization adopts the null hypothesis that, it is policies rather than approaches which determine organizations productivity. As such, the essay develops a critical analysis through which to evaluate the individual theory against the organizational null hypothesis. Currently, the organization applies the null hypothesis that there exists no productivity impact based on the management approach used. Therefore, the hypothesis is established on the assumption that an organization’s policy influences its productivity and future market success. The global market system is changing with increasing global competitions from both local and international organisations. There is the need to develop systems and practices to increase global market presence and competitiveness. To this end, the organization argued that one of the strategic approaches through which to achieve increased competition was through the reduction of the overall costs of production in the organiza tion. Also, the organization adopted the need to reduce infrastructure development and installation costs required in the development and adoption of modern technology. As Heneman and Greenberger (85) stated, although this approach reduces organizational management costs in the short run period, this hypothesis can be disapproved in the future. On one hand, the application and use of paper work reduces an organisations strategic competitive through reduced response time. With the application and use of paperwork HR management approach.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Prejudice Paper Essay Example for Free

Prejudice Paper Essay Through our own personal experience, Professor McAuliff would like us to use the topics we discussed throughout the semester to show an understanding of the concepts. Using my experience with prejudice I will be providing how what I learned in the social psychology textbook. Prejudice has been a very relevant topic I have related with throughout my life. In addition to reading and thinking about the concepts covered in the text, an important part of the learning process includes applying these concepts to your own life and experiences. Prejudice is a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members (Myers). Prejudice is an attitude essentially that can be either positive or negative judgments. More than likely the prejudice someone is faced with is negative. Being that it is an attitude you also have to know about the ABC’s of attitudes. A is for the affect or feelings. B is for the behavior tendency or inclination to act. And C is for the cognitions or beliefs. They also help tie into stereotypes and discrimination. Stereotypes is a negative evaluation in which you generalize the personal attributes of a group. Discrimination is an unjustified behavior toward ones group. Whether it is conscious or automatic prejudice is your quick response to associations. â€Å"Although our [conscious] minds are in the right places and we may truly believe we are not prejudiced, our hearts aren’t quite there yet† (John Dovido, Time, 2009). With so many races in the world, it is often easy to see how quickly we are to label one another. Racial prejudice is Sco? 1 prime example of people labeled what a person should be. It goes far beyond enough for racial prejudice within the same groups some identify themselves with. People tend to point out what is wrong in their group before they admit their wrongs. In some groups you have anti- whatever the group is because a hatred developed from society. Prejudice is spread out throughout the world. Not strictly a racial epidemic it can be anything from youth disliking the elderly to genders disliking genders. It affects everyone the same especially from the negative side. When it is automatic your unconscious associations can be influenced by perceptions and reactions you have. Especially for gender prejudice, the gender role norms come into play. People have ideas on how men and women ought to behave. Often prejudice and stereotype do get confused in this area. Stereotypes only support prejudice beliefs and attitudes are separate. With more separation prejudice has social inequalities. They allow for one group to seek dominance over the other. Making groups break off into a particular status. Creating this social hierarchy that can create hostility amongst groups. Status is looked the most in regards to the negative feeling that appear in prejudice socially. Rich versus the poor is the most common social dominance orientation. The fact of the matter is people want to be on top of the hierarchy. Prejudice coming in so many forms is easy to grasp the idea of it being everywhere. Nothing beats facing prejudice for the first time. As an African American male I have been faced with plenty of different forms of prejudice. I can recall being discriminated against just for being not only black but intelligent within my own group of black people. My very own cousin would tease me and call me a â€Å"white boy†, which I am clearly not, because I was interested in school. I was the first of many of my cousins to graduate high school and instead of being proud me they would tell me I was uppity or not black enough for them. It is very hard when your very own Sco? 2 family doesn’t expect you. I wanted some much to conform to what they did but I wasn’t thety pe of person who wanted to live a life. My cousins definitely are your stereotypical black people. I have found myself in a different social class than them just because I have worked harder than they have to be something more than someone running the streets. I can agree with racial prejudice the author discusses in the textbook because it has yet to die out. However racial prejudice in the black community in my opinion is at an all-time high and very prevalent. Though we have changed since the 1940’s the anti-black prejudices haven’t. Social dominance is felt whether if it is whites being above blacks or other blacks be above other blacks. Prime example is how black rappers spend their money on material items instead of investing or saving just to compete with who have more money or more material items than they do. â€Å"What you want, a Bentley? Fur coat? A diamond chain? All you blacks want all the same things, a line from Kanye West’s song New Slaves. He plays off of the typical stereotypes imposed on the black community, usually considered as hood dreams. Condescendingly, he uses the term â€Å"blacks† as a euphemism and expands on this idea when he says â€Å"I know that we the new slaves† (rapgenius. com, Kanye West, 2013). Prejudice exists in our unconscious and conscious forms. It is a preconceived negative attitude that can affect some of our beliefs. It can arise in a social sources and lead people to split in groups. â€Å"Unequal status breeds prejudice† (Myers). Whether it is implicit or explicit all prejudice can mirrored from group to group. It may be a subtle action, but the small action that creates the worst problems. References Dovidio, John (2009). Prejudice Researcher. TIME. Sco? 3 Myers, D. G. (2013). Social Psychology (11th Ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. RapGenius. com (2013). Kanye West- New Slave Lyrics Sco? 4.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Importance of Spyware Essay -- Computer Software

The Importance of Spyware â€Å"Spyware consists of computer software that gathers and reports information about a computer without the users’ knowledge or consent† (â€Å"Spyware†). Spyware is a major problem for many users. It causes problems with the setup and general operation of a computer. It is one of the most typical internet intruders today and many users are unaware of what spyware is and they do not know how to recognize or prevent it. Spyware is different than a computer virus because a virus travels into the computer system without permission from the user. Spyware may be obtained by clicking the â€Å"I agree† option on the installation agreement before actually reading the entire contract. Some examples of typical spyware include: Direct Revenue, Cydoor, Xupiter, XXXDial, and SpyKiller (â€Å"What is Spyware?†). Most spyware is the result of downloading documents from the Internet. In this respect, spyware is similar to a Trojan horse. Spy ware can also come from clicking the advertisement pop-up screens, and through email. According to National Cyber-Security Alliance, 90% of home PC’s have been infected with some type of Spyware (â€Å"Spyware†). In order to determine if a user has been infected with spyware, there are some vital signs to look for and recognize. There will be some defective functionality, where the spyware will keep track of the steps the user takes without the user’s knowledge of it. There is also a loss of privacy when spyware has infected a computer. The spyware can send private user information back to the Internet vendor; therefore it reduces the user privacy. There may also be an increased amount of pop-up advertisements on the computer screen while connected to the Inte... ... Anti-Spyware programs. Although spyware is a major problem for computer owners today, the advance of anti-spyware programs from software companies, along with help from the users, will ultimately aid in the termination of spyware altogether. Works Cited â€Å"How to Find, Remove, and Prevent Spyware, Internet Intruders, and Pop-Ups.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center. 3 April 2005. http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/computer-article-spyware-pop-ups.html â€Å"Microsoft AntiSpyware.† Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 3 April 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_AntiSpyware â€Å"Spyware.† Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 3 April 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware â€Å"What is Spyware?† PC Pitstop. 3 April 2005. http://www.pcpitstop.com/spycheck/whatis.asp

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Participant Observation and Grand Theory Essay

Bronislaw Malinowski, with his ground-breaking field work of the Trobriand Islander community in the beginning of the 20th century still today counts as a pioneer, if not the founder of the British Social Anthropology. In his famous book Argonauts of the Western Pacific. An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea that was first published in 1922 he develops an elaborate methodological framework for ethnographical research, also known as ‘participant observation’. This method will highly influence the anthropological way of approaching its field of study and hence its theoretical landscape from then on. Looking at Malinowski’s description of the clan system of the Trobriand community, his descriptive and specifying style of formulation becomes apparent: â€Å"Each of the four clans has its own name: Malasi, Lukuba, Lukwasisiga, Lukulabuta. (†¦) There are special combinations of the clan names with formative roots, to descrive men and women and the mixed plurality belonging to the same clan: Tomalasi – a Malasi man; Immalasi – a Malasi women; Memalasi – the Malasi people (†¦). Near the village of Laba’I, on the northern shore of the main island, there is a spot called Obukula, which is marked by a coral outcrop. Obukula is, in fact, a ‘hole’ (dubwadebula), or ‘house’ (bwala); that is to say, one of the points from which the first ancestors of the linage emerged. † (Malinowski 1929: 496 f. , italics in original) This very nuanced and case specific example of the material gained from his methodological approach gives rise to the question if Malinowski’s heritage of participant observation has forever distanced Anthropology from bringing forward grand theories? To be able to consider and discuss this question, it is important to first define what Malinowski circumscribed when he laid out his dogma for ethnographical research by the term participant observation. Secondly, a closer inspection of the dictum ‘grand theory’ is indispensable for our purpose and will be clarified in the second section of this essay. Subsequently, we will look at these two concepts and their relationship to one another in section three in order to approach the question whether Anthropology can be viewed as a science able to produce grand theories. I. Participant observation In the foreword to Argonauts of the Western Pacific Malinowski states that he has â€Å"lived in that [Trobriand Island] archipelago for about two years (†¦), during which time [he] naturally acquired a thorough knowledge of the language. [He] did [his] work entirely alone, living for the greater part of the time right in the village. † (1966: xvi). This statement already contains the essence of participant observation in fieldwork. The hallmark of this methodological way of collecting data is the immersion of the researcher into her or his field of study over a long period of time and the personal part taking in the interactions of the people in the community studied. When Malinowski defined this new approach of ‘first-hand’ observation he broke with the, at that time prevailing tradition of ‘armchair’ ethnography. In this prior approach, ethnographers compiled data gained from historical sources to deduce theories about certain aspects of a usually ‘native’ community (Osterhoudt 2010). One of the main contributions of Malinowski’s new method to anthropological theory was that by participating and observing behaviour in the sample community he found out that a discrepancy between actual behaviour and narrative statements exists. â€Å"The smoothness and uniformity, which the mere verbal statement suggest as the only shape of human conduct, disappears with a better knowledge of cultural reality. † (Malinowski 1979: 83). This discovery in itself already composes a point of criticism towards the preceding ethnographical ‘arm-chair’ approach to data collection and evaluation. Even though participant observation is based on a seemingly broad and intuitive research design, it would, however, be incorrect to assume that this approach would be free of any directive principles on how to collect relevant data. Therefore, Malinowski describes how first, the researcher must â€Å"possess real scientific aims† (Malinowski 1966: 6) and be familiar with the theoretical background of anthropology. Further, the researcher should live in the field among the natives all by herself/ himself, and lastly the researcher has to stick to special and strict scientific methods, such as drawing â€Å"tables of kinship terms, genealogies, maps, plans and diagrams† (idib. 1966: 10) to collect, prepare and record her/his data. The previous example of the clan system provides a sense of the detailed and case specific information that is obtained by the application of participant observation. Besides the kind of the data collected, it should also be looked at the area of research and Malinowski’s suggestion of the subject to be studied. He proposes that the â€Å"field worker observes human beings acting within an environmental setting, natural and artificial; influenced by it, and in turn transforming it in co-operation with each other. † (Malinowski 1939: 940). Thus, he focuses on the individual as a starting point and its relation to, and mutual dependence on a social group. The inquiries of a researcher will hence have to include a â€Å"specific study of the individual, as well as the group within which he has to live and work. † (idib. 1939: 950). The collective life within that group or society is widely to be seen in certain types of activities, ‘institutions’ such as the â€Å"economy, education, or social control and political system in place† (idib. 1939: 954). These institutions, as he points out, can be seen as a fruitful base to investigate the individual’s motives and values and they will provide â€Å"insight into the process by which the individual is conditioned or culturally formed and of the group mechanisms of this process. † (idib. 1939: 954). II. Grand Theory In the following, the dictum ‘grand theory’ will be specified and by doing so distinguished into two different tendencies of understanding the concept. Wiarda (2010) defines a grand theory in his book Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences as â€Å"those large, overarching explanations of social and political behavior—liberalism, Marxism, socialism, positivism, corporatism, political culture, institutionalism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, environmentalism (Jared Diamond), sociobiology, and now chemistry and genetics—that give coherence to the social sciences, help us to organize and think about change and modernization, and give us models to understand complex behavior. † (Wiarda 2010: x) This definition of grand theory as an ‘overarching explanation’ is in line with Anthony Good’s (1996) understanding of a ‘generalizing science’ that produces â€Å"universal, descriptive and predictive laws† (idib. 1996: 34). Here a grand theory is understood as a theorem providing a universal and structural framework that gives meaning to particular and individual phenomena ‘on the ground’. In this process the â€Å"importance of the local and the contingent, (†¦) the extent to which our own concepts and attitudes have been shaped† (Skinner 1985: 8) builds also a part of the universal framework. The second tendency to conceive the idea of grand theory goes a step further and is mainly characterized by C. Wright Mills application of it. He vigorously criticised the concept in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959): â€Å"The basic cause of grand theory is the initial choice of a level of thinking so general that its practitioners cannot logically get down to observation. They never, as grand theorists, get down from the higher generalities to problems in their historical and structural contexts. This absence of a firm sense of genuine problems, in turn, makes for the unreality so noticeable in their pages. † (idib. 1959: 33) As this quote shows, Mills’ understanding of a grand theory goes beyond our first definition. In this second understanding Mills implies that scientists generating grand theories are engrossed in their endeavour to build abstract, normative and all-embracing frameworks and thus neglect the study of the ‘meaning’ behind their constructs. The individual with its particular values and interpretations, as well as variety on the scale of the actual area of research fall behind. III. Participant Observation and its relation to Grand Theory Taken the just outlined conception of grand theory influenced by Mills and putting it in relationship with Malinowski’s methodology of participant observation, the answer to our question whether or not Malinowski’s heritage barred the way of Anthropology to ever produce grand theories appears unambiguously to be ‘yes’. Participant observation in its very nature is close to the individual and aims to explore, over a long period of time, which social and cultural forces influence the human being in a specific setting. Therefore, with regards to Mills conception of grand theory, Anthropology has a birth defect called participant observation that will always prevent it from producing highly abstract grand theories, which stand in no relation to the circumstances from where they were deduced from. A closer look reveals that Malinowski’s understanding of the anthropological formation of theory aligns with Mills criticism towards highly abstract grand theories: â€Å"It would be easy to quote works of high repute, and with a scientific hall-mark on them, in which wholesale generalisations are laid down before us, and we are not informed at all by what actual experiences the writers have reached their conclusions. (†¦) I consider that only such ethnographic sources are of unquestionable scientific value, in which we can clearly draw the line between, on the one hand, the result of direct observation and of native statements and interpretations and on the other, the inferences of the author, based on his common sense of psychological insight. † (Malinowski 1966: 3) Here Malinowski differences between two approaches of data processing. One approach leads to mere ‘wholesale generalisations’ and the other approach also includes the ‘actual experiences’ the researcher faced on the local level that explain on what assumptions and observations her or his generalizations are based on. He hence supports the notion of Anthropology as a science of producing generalisations, as long as they are comprehensible and in direct relation to the reality on the ground. Malinowski’s ethnographies exist to a vast amount of descriptive details that are very specific to certain social groups or individual preferences and he has hence often been criticized as an ‘empiricist’ (see Firth 1957). Also, one could argue that his attempt to put his findings in a neat structured box with columns, as he has done in his article Group and Individual in Functional Analysis (1966) seem rather compelled. Nevertheless, he was able to provide social science with universal and generalizing frameworks on, inter alia, on how social institutions function in relation to society. He states that â€Å"social institutions have a definite organisation, (†¦) they are governed by authority, law and order in their public and personal relations, while the latter are, besides, under the control of extremely complex ties of kinship and clanship. † (Malinowski 1966: 10). Malinowski’s suggestion to use institution as a starting point for social and cultural analysis has â€Å"produced integrated descriptions instead of loosely classified catalogues of traits, and has stimulated the fuller recording of case material from actual behavior as a supplement to the listing of ideal patterns. † (Murdock 1943: 443). Following Malinowski’s ethnographic method and theory construction therefore aims to create a firm framework of the â€Å"social constitution† that â€Å"disentangle[s] the laws and regularities of all cultural phenomena from the irrelevances. † (Malinowski 1966: 10f. ). His approach is thus far more that only an accumulation of meaningless observations of an individuals life in a very specific society. Considering these arguments, Malinowski approach can, indeed, be seen as congruent with our first tendency to understand grand theory. The answer to our initial question should hence be that Anthropology is a science that can certainly produce grand theories in the sense of generalized frameworks and universalistic theories, without neglecting the importance of the â€Å"local and the contingent† (Skinner 1985: 12). Furthermore, Anthropology can be viewed as an established science with its own field of study being the human being and its social group as well as their mutual dependencies and influences. â€Å"Anthropology stands in a clear relationship to the other basic science, because it is concerned with studying phenomena at one clearly discriminate level vis-a-vis those other sciences. † (Good 1996: 32)