Psychology- Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Psychology- Prejudice Essay 1. Evaluate Tajfel’s core study in terms of streotypes and weakness [10] Prejudice and Discrimination have been always controversial and it has become one of the crucial topics in the world of Social Psychology. Henry Tajfel was a British social psychology who is well known for his SIT or Social Identity Theory; ‘Intergroup Discrimination’ (1970). This theory has been useful to identify the social causes of prejudice and as well as explaining individual differences. First of all, this study is aimed to show or demonstrate that merely putting or diving people into groups could cause them to discriminate the other group. Tajfel’s procedure of the experiment involved two laboratory experiments. The subjects of the first experiment contained 64 boys, 14 and 15 year-old from a school in Bristol. The boys from each group knew each other well, since they were actually in the same houses at the school. The second experiment was similar to the first one, since 48 students also already knew each other. In terms of stereotypes and his study, Tajfel proposed that Stereotyping or putting people into groups is based on a normal cognitive; we tend to group or categories things. By the statement, he meant that we see the people in our group are just the ‘same’ with us because there are certain similarities that makes us parallel with them and there’ll be a tendency of us calling the ‘same’ people â€Å"us† and those who are different or out-group â€Å"them†. This study also has its weaknesses and strengths. One of the strengths; Laboratory experiment method, which makes him to able controlling the environment in terms of what the subjects had experienced during the test, therefore he can ensure that there are no influences that would change their behaviour later on. Manipulation of the environment also makes him able to obtain replication due to its standardness in procedures. However, since all of the participants were all male, similar age and came from the same country. In terms of experiment, this study has become biased. It is difficult to decide whether it is good enough to be generalised, due to its gender, age and geographical limitations. The ecological validity is doubtful, considering the experiments were lab studies, where we can jump to an argument that this involved unusual task is held in artificial environment. In other words, the participants acted in the way they thought was demanded of them; Demand Characteristic. This experiment deals with a disruptive and anti-social, very general commons of society in explaining and understanding the causes of prejudice and discrimination. Moreover, this piece of research could be beneficial or helpful to our daily life. Nevertheless, the applications are still limited, regard to ecological validity and the gender, race and cultures.

Spirituality in John Greenleaf Whittiers The Worship of Nature :: Whittier Worship of Nature Essays

Spirituality in John Greenleaf Whittier's The Worship of Nature If man ever said that he could not experience God outside of the walls of a church, it is evident that he never read John Greenleaf Whittier. John Greenleaf Whittier was a Quaker who, like all Quakers, placed an emphasis on a simple life. Quakers believe in leading a life without artificial things. Because of his Quaker beliefs, he had a deep understanding of the spirituality of the natural world. In his poem, The Worship of Nature Whittier takes his readers on a spiritual journey through a world untouched by man. The title of the poem is an indication that the reader should prepare himself or herself for some sort of spiritual experience. Whittier uses the word "worship" to title his poem because by the end of the poem the reader will learn that there is much more to the natural world than water, land, and sky. The poem starts with the birth or creation of nature. Whittier explains to his readers that the natural world has existed since God created it. He compares the creation of nature to music. This stanza is very appealing to the senses because nature is musical. The insects, winds, and birds are all a part of this "song" that "has never died away". The poet reminds readers of this very important idea because we as humans have a tendency to forget the value and importance of nature. The second stanza takes readers beyond the initial creation and introduces readers to the many purposes that nature serves. Whittier explains that "prayer is made and praise is given." Personification is an imp ortant tool used in this poem. Obviously nature cannot really pray or give praise, but the various functions of nature in this world give the illusion that it does pay homage to a higher being. For instance the lines in the second stanza, "The ocean looketh up to heaven, /And mirrors every star" says that the ocean is a mirror for heaven. If we look into the deep sea, we are in essence looking into a reflected image of heaven. Other instances when Whittier uses personification in this way are the first and second lines in the third stanza, "Its waves are kneeling on the strand/As kneels the human knee". Whittier tells his readers that just as man bends his knee to show respect to God so the ocean waves bend when they reach the shore as a sign of respect.

Inditex Report Essay

Introduction The aim and objectives of writing this report is to analyse the business strategies or models adopted by the Inditex Group and to review whether this strategies will support its operation in accomplishing their future obligation. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the strategic option of the organization in either from a corporate strategy view or strategic business unit (SBU) perspective that could be adopted by the Inditex Group. This report will also highlight the vision, mission and objectives of the Inditex Group Company. In addition, the report will go further by accessing the group human resources and management in order to clearly pinpoint any management changes in the organization, if there is any, and to know who the management are and their position in the decision making process of the company. In order to achieve the principle objectives of this report, the report will be categorised into Internal and External analysis. This is done in order to fully analyse the current po sition of Inditex Group in the market from all perspectives, also to access if Inditex is a healthy company to invest in, and also accessing the current strategic adopted by the company. The company Internal analysis will be based on the following; Financial Analysis: This will focus on all the financial aspect of the company. Human resources and Management Analysis: focus on the management system of the company. Market Analysis: This will focus on the company’s current market position. Operations Analysis: This will focus on how and where the company perform it day-to-day activities. Prioritized Strength: This will analyse the strengths of the company internally. Prioritized Weakness: This will analyse the internal weakness of the company that can hinder them from achieving their goals. The company External analysis will be based on the following; Pestel Analysis: this will analyse the possible influence of the failure or success of the company strategies. Porter 5 forces: this will help in analysing the way of attractiveness of the Clothing Industry. Critical Success Factors (CSF’s): This will focus on some unique resources that make the company  successful. Prioritized Opportunity: Prioritized Threat: Company: Inditex Group. The Inditex Group Company, a textile design Industries is a Spanish Multinational clothing company. Inditex have its headquartered based in Arteixo, Galicia in Spain. The Inditex Group was founded and created by Amancio Ortega Gaona the wealthiest man in Spain and third richest man in the world in 1985 and by 2001 they went public and listed on the Bolsa de Madrid stock exchange market1. The Inditex Group which is now considered as the world’s largest clothing apparel company in terms of sales is made up of over 100 companies operating in textile designs, manufacturing, and distributions. Inditex currently have 8 strategic business units operating in four geographical market segments2 which includes Spain. These strategic business units includes; Bershka, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Pull & Bear, Stradivarius, Uterque, Zara, and Zara Home. Inditex strategic business units collectively occupied about 6249 stores in 86 markets. Company Vision: Good Faith, Dialogue, and Transparency. Company Mission: Is to respond with agility to the demands of the market. This means that Inditex focus highly on the customers’ needs and combines these needs with high degree of vertical integration across all their business area. Internal Analysis Financial Analysis: The key profit driver for Inditex Group Company is Zara, contributing 66.11% of the total net sales and 68.5% per square metre in 2012, while Bershka comes 2nd with 9.31% of total net sales in 2012. In terms of geographical region, the Europe (excluding Spain), and Spain accounted for 45% and 21% of the total net sales respectively. While the Americas and Asia (Including rest of the world) represents a significant lower amount of 14% and 20% respectively. In 2012 saw Inditex Group stores increases massively from 4264 stores in 2008 to 6009 stores in 2012. This shows an increase of 40.92% in  stores from 2008 to 2012. Inditex Group Profitability, Liquidity and Efficiency Net sales increases year over year from 2008 to 2012. This shows an increase of 10.3% from 2007-2008, 6.2% increase from 2008-2009, 13.40% from 2009-2010, 10.2% from 2010-2011, and 15.61% from 2011-2012. This is boosted by the increase of sales, higher profits margin and numbers of new stores opened3. Overall, net sales show an increase of 53.22%. While the Net profit soared by a massive 87.26% between 2008-2012. Prior to this, Inditex growth rate has maintained an average of 16% sales growth and net income of 12% for the past 10 years. The decreasing pattern of ROCE from 2008-2009, and also in 2011 is due to a proportionate increase of operating expenses. The Gross Profit Margin (GP%) has seen a slow increase from 2008-2012. This is due to the slower increase of cost of sales (COS). EBITDA increases by 20% when compared to the previous years and EBIT also increased by 24% when compared to the previous years. Debts A very low geared company, as Inditex Group Company managed to pay back some substantial amount of debts through cash reserves. The Group has 0.08% of debt to capital ratio which means that the company pay little attention when it comes to using debts to finance projects. Investors Related Market Capitalization of 66.883 bn euro. Share price 106 euro as at 06/03/14 Earnings per share has been increasing significant from 2008-2012. Dividend per share increased by 12.5% from 2011 to 2012. Inditex Group Company has a slow increase of sales volumes over the years; while some of the key ratios reported a decline pattern during some period. Inditex mostly depends on the Europe excluding Spain and Spain market, however, with an optimistic future growth in the Asia market. The company also has a low gearing ratio which gives them more financial edge in terms of future expansion. Funding Inditex Group Company funds for its company through the issuing of ordinary  share equity, debt financing, credit facilities and self-financing. The company have been profitable over the year which makes them assumed reasonable responsibility of not securing enough debt to finance its operations. So therefore, in terms of liquidity, the company is not exposed to any significant liquidity risk as it maintains sufficient cash and cash equivalent which meet the outflows of its daily operations. More so, the group are not as concerned about credit risk as they have a policy in place that cover any sales franchises and as their majority of revenue is made from retail sales, so they make use of cash collections or credit payment. Inditex Group Company also funds its business by investing in marketable securities which includes short and long term debts with a maturity of 90 days and 12 months respectively. This helps the Group in meeting its short term obligations. The group also have cl ose to 50% stakes in each of the five Economic Interest Groupings they invest in, these groups are involves in leasing of assets. Human Resources and Management Inditex is a multi-cultural and multi-racial company with 120,314 employees and also created about 10,802 jobs in 2012. 82% of Inditex staffs works under an indefinite contract.  In terms of its multi-cultural pedigree, Inditex employees are of over 130 nationalities and 45 working languages. Inditex has a young workforce with an average age of 31 years old and 78.7% of its employees are females. Pablo Isla Alvarez de Tejera is the Chairman and Chief Executive Chairman of Inditex Group Company along with his Deputy Jose Amau Sierra has transformed the fashion industry and created the world’s largest clothing and apparel company in terms of revenue, and the also developed a strong distribution model which helped the group to minimise their design to distribution process within a week. Overall, the Inditex board consist of 9 directors which include 4 executives’ directors and 5 non-executives directors. Inditex Group Company operates a multidivisional structure which helps them in supporting their global operations. At Inditex, the board of directors are the highest decision maker; they supervise and control the body of the company apart from the matters that were reserved to the general meeting of the shareholders. Inditex board of directors are also entrusting with  direction, administration, management and representative of the company and management of the day-to-day activities of the company to the executives. They also manage the team and focusing its efforts on general supervising function which include directing Inditex policy, making relevant decisions and acting as a link with the shareholders of the company. Market Analysis Markets and segment Most attractive market segment is Asia market Market segment by age. Young and middle age group. Products Inditex have constant changes to its products lines. They have identical products in all market segments. Inditex maintain health and safety products standard4. Customers’ orientation: they analyse customers’ feedbacks in order to be able to identify customer trends. Price Inditex has a standard price in all markets segments. The pricing could be different in terms of exchange rate factors due to globalization. It also gives seasonal discount5 like December sales. Inditex price is considered to be medium with an exception of Massimo Dutti. Inditex Amongst Competition. Promotion Inditex has a strict policy and zero advertisement. Online website for each business unit which systematically updates It has an Affinity card for customers: this influences customers’ loyalty6. It communicates with its customers through social networks. Place Location: All of Inditex stores all located at the main shopping streets. A unique design which is influence by the culture of the markets. A display tailored of the product They have excellent customers service Online stores for all its 8 business units available in some major country7 The key strategy of the Inditex marketing departments are performed through customers’ orientation and satisfaction. Inditex main sale-point is where managers received feedbacks from customers, the managers then report to the design departments in order to identify and carried out what the customers’ value. Another factor that did the trick for Inditex is their glamorous stores, where customers’ access its latest products which are always updated four times in a month. The product lifecycle and BCG matrix as you can see on the charts indicates an accurate balancing position within the Inditex portfolio. However, since just one business unit is placed on as a Cash Cow, so therefore, numerous investments might be needed so as to transform the Question Marks into Stars. Inditex Product Lifecycle. Inditex BCG MATRIX. Operation Analysis: Value Chain- Primary Activities Approximately 1000 designers are responsible for recognising any changes in fashion and they are in charge of developing new models to satisfy customers’ desires. Most of the production takes place in the Group’s own factory. The group take full responsibility control of fabrics supply, marking and cutting of the fabrics till the finish goods. Over 50 percent of Inditex manufacturing is carried out by local suppliers. By the end of 2012, Inditex already had a total of 1434 suppliers and all suppliers must agree to adhere to Inditex Code of Conduct. The cost of merchandise includes the cost of raw materials and consumables8. The Inditex Group has its own logistic centre, where all production is received and carried out, and then distributed to various stores worldwide9. Inditex operates 8 logistic centres, at least one for each brands and all of which are in Spain. Stores play significant roles in Inditex business model10. Value Chain- Secondary Activities Research and Development using advanced technology11. Operates manufacturing and procurement12. Research and Development of eco-efficiency13. Human Resources and Management14. Firm Infrastructure15. Corporate Social Responsibility16. Joint ventures and Strategic Alliances17. Inditex unique management business model is based on flexibility and innovation, and its vision of fashion along with quality design and creativity, together with a rapid response to customers demand has resulted in Inditex fast international expansion and an excellent performance of its commercial formats. Inditex business model is centred to its customers, stores, design/production, teams, and logistics. However Inditex group adopted a high degree of vertical integration business model when compared to its competitors. This allows Inditex to cover all phases of its fashion process which includes design, manufacture, logistics and distribution. The group also incorporated a degree of flexibility structure with a strong focus on customers’ demands in all its business areas. Inditex views social and environmental variables as a strategic factor for growth and sustainment for customers demand. The key to Inditex model is its ability of attending to customers desires in a shortes t amount of time possible. This is a key value added activities of the Inditex group Company. Inditex Business Model Structure. Inditex Logistics Centres Prioritized Strengths Inditex is the world largest clothing and apparel company in terms of revenue. Inditex has a great organization knowledge and expertise. This stands for unique resources and core competences of the company. It also has a strong business model (core competence) It has strong brand (unique resource) Inditex has a diversifying marketing strategy (core competence) Prioritized Weakness Inditex depend on one global brand (Zara which generate 66.11% of its total revenue). It also depends on two geographical regions (Europe excluding Spain and Spain). Inditex is exposed to commodity inflation, It has a centralized logistic centre which may cause some problems in future expansion. High training cost. External Analysis P.E.S.T.E.L Analysis Political Global trade agreement18 National trade relationship19 Value added tax (VAT) and foreign taxation policies. Change in government. Pressure group20. Economical Exchange rate: related to GBP, Us dollars, Japanese Yen: As the crisis in Europe area might cause the Euro to be weaker than the Yen, so the company is likely to have exchange loss. Year on year change in GDP21. Financial market uncertainty. Unemployment Commodity price inflations: for instance, the fuel price increase in the Middle East due to the civil unrest may affect the company margins and also increase the cost of transportation. Inflation22 and Interest rate23. Socio-Cultural Social dimension, corporate social responsibility24 and reputations. Consumers’ complaints. Changes in consumers preferences. Changes in lifestyles and trends. New trends among the younger generation in Europe and America. Technology Spending on research and development Information system Eco-efficiency25 E commerce26 Environmental Kyoto protocol Waste and Recycling: more focus on the attention of areas such as sustainable development. The effect of global climate to the production of organic cotton. Toxic chemicals: this includes carbon footprint. Legal Employment law: this has something to do with Child labour and rules and regulations that relate to labour. Consumer law: this regards law and regulation which relates to fashions and clothing Patents and trademarks Supplier rights Health and safety law European companies will be assisted by the abolition of textile and clothing import quotas (ATC) in order to enter into the emerging market of Asia which undoubtedly counted for a huge significant amount of the population of the world. However, due to the uncertainties associated with political and economic situations, this could increase the risk of further expansion strategies. Although the price of cotton has increases by more than $5 over the years while unemployment has risen high especially in Greece and Spain with 28% and 26% respectively which force textile companies to potentially increase their market prices, while disposable income on clothing has decrease because the ongoing problem in the Eurozone consumer gives negatives signal to consumers which affect their confidence, but the confident level in the emerging market (Asia) is optimistic. However, the price deflation of cloths which has been dated back to the 1990s till the start of the financial crisis, the reversing t rends now after the financial crisis have an effect on the overall productivity of the apparel industry positively. Porters 5 Forces Threats of New Entrants There is economic of scales It involves large capital investment There is a brand loyalty in the industry There is a product differentiation Patent and protection tariffs Moderate force which can be overcome Threat of Substitute Price/performance ratio Inditex other brands There is zero switching cost Weak force The Bargaining Power of Buyer Decentralized and Centralized Buyer There is a low switching cost There is zero buyer competition threat Moderate force The Bargaining Power of Buyer There is fewer supplier in the industry There is a low supplier competition threat Suppliers of textile and raw materials Weak force Competitive Rivalry There is existing retailers equally sized Slow growth in the apparel industry Great differentiation Moderate force Three moderate forces and two weak forces make the clothing and apparel industry unattractive for new competitors to break into the industry. However, changes to substitute depends on the consumers’ preferences according to their perception of taste, style and budget, therefore it is high to switch to other providers. Competitive rivalry is the strongest force assisted by the slow growth of the market. Prioritized Opportunity There is still room to grow in the emerging market in this industry. The abolition of quotas Organic market development Technological Innovation New strategic Alliance Prioritized Threats There is high competitive rivalry in the industry There is slow market growth in the industry Increase in commodity inflation Changes in consumers’ taste or trends Exchange rates. CORPORATE STRATEGY Strategic Position Zara which is Inditex main source of revenue because of the amount it generated in terms of sales is ranked on the 4th option of the Bowman strategic clock, it implement a broad differentiation strategy. It offers products to customers at an affordable and reasonable price or a little higher because of its good perception of quality, enriches customers’ satisfaction and loyalty. However, the excellent deployment of its unique resources and its core competences assist Zara to considered as the first mover in the industry27. One of its key value added activities is its focus on customers’ needs and a constant change in its product lines whilst maintaining the same level of price allows Zara to achieve a competitive advantage. Inditex has expanded and grown, according to the Ansoff matrix. By product development: (EcoFootDesign) Systematic changes in products line and innovation. Market penetration: it has increase shares of its key existing markets. Market development: in 2010 saw Uterque one of Inditex business unit opens its first store in Russia which also pave way for Zara home and Zara to follow through. By related and unrelated Diversification: Zara and Massimo Dutti entered into the Indian market in 201028 and 201329 respectively and Inditex enters the furniture retail industry30 through unrelated diversification. Inditex method of pursuing its strategies. Organic development: Inditex continuous performance and innovation is acquired through their knowledge and experience according to their existing  resource and capabilities. Through Acquisition and Takeover: in 1995-1996, Inditex acquired the whole of Massimo Dutti in a 100% acquisition. Form a Strategic Alliance: A Joint Venture with the Tata Group to open the first Massimo Dutti stores in New Delhi, India. Inditex license to other companies: production of finished goods through external suppliers. The Inditex Group Company adopted a parenting role by providing a clear vision of its company objectives, it also assists employees by providing continuous training and facilitating, and enhancing through synergies. Improvement in all Inditex departments is as a result of a great focus in performance evaluation and monitoring. Inditex adopted different portfolio management for each of its business units. According to the results of the strategic analysis, financial analysis, and SWOT analysis above, it has been well documented that the Inditex Group Company has a strong portfolio which make the company likely to overcome any future uncertainties, as it was evidence in its financial performance that they keep growing even during the financial crisis of 2008-2009, they still achieve a significant increase in revenue. However, the problem which the Inditex Group could be facing regarding their adopted strategies will be the over dependence of its other seven (7) business units which includes Bershka, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Pull and Bear, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Zara Home over Zara which is the unit that generates over half of its total sales (66.11%). The Group should also find a way to increase the percentages of sales to geographical region like America which is has the lowest sales geographically and also in Asia which is an emerging market other than Europe. FUTURE STRATEGIES Proposed strategy for the strongest SBU (Zara) Product development: the company should produce better quality of future product lines. Market development: the company should go on with further expansion in Europe market and the US market. Diversification: the company should enter into the apparel sport wear industry. Market penetration: the company should enter into the Australian market. Corporate Market penetration: further expansion in the Asia market. Backward integration: to acquire a fabric supplier Consolidation: weaken business units should be strengthen Forward integration: manufacturing and logistic process should be decentralised. Do Nothing: continue with the current operations. References Inditex SA, Bloomberg Market, [Online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/ITX:SM Accessed on 20th of February, 2014. H&M (2014), â€Å" H&M Opens first store in East Asia† [Online] Available at: http://about.hm.com/en/About/facts-about-hm/people-and-history/history.html Accessed on 23rd of February, 2014. Inditex, (2008) Inditex annual report 2008, annual report 2008, A Coruna: Inditex. Inditex, (2009) Inditex annual report 2008, annual report 2008, A Coruna: Inditex. Inditex, (2010) Inditex annual report 2008, annual report 2010, A Coruna: Inditex. Inditex, (2011) Inditex annual report 2008, annual report 2011, A Coruna: Inditex. Inditex, (2012) Inditex annual report 2008, annual report 2012, A Coruna: Inditex. Index Mundi, [Online] Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=cotton Accessed on 20th of February 2014. Unemployment Statistics, [Online] Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics Accessed on 20th February, 2014. Textile and Clothing, [Online] Available at: http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/MarketInsight/Textiles-and-Clothing/Global-Apparel-Industry/NI7468 Accessed on 22nd of February, 2014. The Economics Times, [Online] Available at: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news/38904773_1_brand-massimo-dutti-foreign-investment-promotion-board Accessed on 24th of February, 2014.

The First Amendment And Internet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 950 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? According to the Constitution, the First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech (Volokh). This amendment allows citizens to freely express their ideas through written/spoken words and media such as pictures and films. However, at the same time, they are exposed to a wide range of public opinions and views that may come into conflict with their own personal beliefs and cause discomfort. With media becoming more accessible and public, more facts, opinions, and statements can be spread even if they are unpopular or inappropriate. The First Amendment provides independence for the speaker and the audience as well as the entitlement to establish different perspectives on what the individual reads and hears. Despite this freedom, the First Amendment fosters the lack of protection against the dangers and threats that are present online. As the internet becomes more commonly used, it allows anonymity, leaving people vulnerable to the unlimited forms of expression being spread and therefore, it makes it easier for internet trolls to misuse this right and achieve their goal of harassing their target. The First Amendment of free speech raises a lack of and the level of proper authority interference in the social life online. Without firm regulation and policing, it leaves the responsibility of reporting unjust and harmful media posts to the people who come across it. Even if it is reported, the social media platform or the source of authority does not necessarily take the proper actions to confront the problem that is present. Consequently, people have a contradicting attitude toward freedom of speech and government/authority intervention. In other words, citizens wish and demand for freedom, yet they also request for patrol and protection. Thus, the border that lies between: (1) freedom and monitoring and (2) what is considered appropriate or harmful becomes unclear. As a result of this matter, it enables the abuse o f this God-Given freedom. According to Lindy West, these internet trolls weaponiz[e] free speech to maintain cultural dominance. In the view of the fact that the internet allows anonymity, it encourages the trolls, even more, to act as they please. Anonymity functions as an effective mobilizing force for violence (Bailey). For this reason, the internet transforms into a platform for hate speech. In addition to anonymity, the unrestricted and universal use of the internet creates easy targets for the trolls to harass. Likewise, it is advantageous for the internet trolls because they can receive attention and fulfill their desire of causing disturbance/harm to others without exposing their identity. In response to anonymity and the common-use of the internet combined, internet trolling occurs more often. As it becomes more frequent, people start to get used to it or they might pretend to not notice what is happening. When individuals are left with the accountability to filter and protect themselves, it becomes a struggle and pointless effort. By accepting the inevitable, internet trolling not only takes part in the culture of society but also forms a culture itself. According to the research conducted by Monica Anderson, about four-in-ten Americans have experienced online harassment such as physical threats, stalking, sexual harassment, purposeful embarrassment, and etc.. There are over three billion social media users in the world and only 30% of the users have reported the online harassment (Smith and Anderson). Over the course of three years, an estimate of 2.5 million cases have occurred (Buxton and Winters). One notable case of internet trolling, which occurred in 2013, was on Facebook by a man threatening to kill two hundred school children in a mass shooting (Bowcott). These threats were made weeks after the events at Sandy Hook which caused greater panic and fear within the community. The internet troll aimed at the terror and anxiety th at resulted from the Sandy Hook school shooting in order to intensify and feed on the public fear. Another extreme example of internet trolling was the targeting of the deceased. This internet troll posted comments on the tribute pages, mocking the two teenagers that had passed away. One of his victims was a fifteen-year-old girl who died from being hit by a train. He not only posted a comment I fell asleep on the track lolz on the tribute page, but he also made a YouTube video after the victim with her face superimposed on the front of a tank engine (Morris). With the freedom of speech that is granted by the First Amendment, there is less consideration for others and little evidence of self-regulation amongst individuals and their interactions with each other. Thus, self-interest outweighs the consequences and effects of ones actions. Internet trolls can use and twist the concept of freedom to justify their behavior. Although freedom is needed to live life without oppres sion and act/think differently from other individuals, it does not necessarily guarantee safety and happiness. It raises the question of if there is and will be true, complete independence. As former Justice Robert Jackson stated, The price of freedom of speech or of the press is that we must put up with, and even pay for, a good deal of rubbish (United States v.s Ballard). Along with the freedom of speech comes deviance in the form of internet trolling and the lack of sincerity to counter this problem. In conclusion, the common and frequent usage of the internet, which allows anonymity, enables internet trolls to discover targets and harass/threaten them with ease. Through the manipulation of the First Amendment, trolls can defend their actions as proper and continue because of the confidence instilled in them. Therefore, the First Amendment makes it easier for internet trolls to threaten and cause harm to innocent people around the world using the internet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The First Amendment And Internet" essay for you Create order