Gangster Rap - The Negative Impact on Identity Essay

Jean Kilbourne, a media specialist, raises an interesting point in one of her lectures when she states, â€Å"The average American is exposed to 3000 advertisements per day. Yet, everyone in America still feels personally exempt from the media. They say, â€Å"I don’t pay attention to ads. I just tune them out. They have no effect on me.†Ã¢â‚¬  She later states most of the people who have said this to her were wearing Gapâ„ ¢ tee-shirts. Whether people realize it or not, there is a direct correlation between the media and an individual’s identity. Along with products, the media also sells values, views, images, and concepts of normalcy. The media tells us who we are and who we should be. Unfortunately, many times the media tells us things that have a major†¦show more content†¦Because of this, the negative impact on a person’s individual identity is large. We imitate practices displayed in the media, however licentious they may be and this ch anges our values and our self image, which changes our individual identity. The collective identity is also impacted because the media, in this scenario rap, changes our paradigms about the roles people play in a society. This is done in rap songs with the degrading of women and the encouragement of violence. As outlined here, media in the form of modern music or rap has a negative effect on a human beings’ collective and individual identity. Next I am going to talk about advertising focused on gender roles as a form of negative media. For women, the media is always focused on how they look. It constantly degrades women’s self esteem by telling them to be skinny, vulnerable, powerless, and silenced. In addition, the media turns women into objects or things instead of beings, which encourages violence towards them. This teaches women it is okay for people to use them. Men are also negatively impacted by the media as they are scrutinized for having feminine qualities such as compassion, nurturance, cooperation, empathy, sensitivity, and good communication skills. Men are told they must be violent, brutal, and ruthless, especially towards women. The media’s perspective on what it meansShow MoreRelatedRap Music And Its Influence On African American Youth1705 Words   |  7 Pagesone type of genre in particular has seemed to grab the attention of a younger generation. Rap music has undoubtedly had its utmost imp act on African American youth, since many of the performers themselves are African American. An overtly masculine culture dominates rap music and creates gender stereotypes that become abundantly popular to the youthful audience. Three constant themes that are found within the rap culture are encouragement of violence, the misogynistic representation of women, an extremeRead More Bigger Thomas, of Native Son and Tupac Shakur Essay6110 Words   |  25 Pagesthey must posses and understand it. -- Richard Wright In 1996, famed rapper and entertainer Tupac Shakur[1] was gunned down in Las Vegas. Journalistic sentiment at the time suggested he deserved the brutal death. The New York Times headline, Rap Performer Who Personified Violence, Dies, suggested Shakur, who was twenty five when he died, deserved his untimely death. - (Pareles, 1996) A product of a fatherless home, raised poor in the ghettos of San Francisco, Shakur, notes Ernest Harding ofRead MoreThe Hip Hop Culture Essay2107 Words   |  9 PagesPeople from all over are connected to each other through the power of music. When it comes to music, the life experiences, inspiration, and current events play a tremendously significant role. 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The funk musical scene emerged by attracting large crowds of Rio’s poor youth to dance to the music of James brown andRead MoreCultural Influence of Hip Hop Rap Essays1955 Words   |  8 Pagesof Hip Hop Rap Hip hop and rap as a musical genre is a very controversial subject for nearly everyone. Its influences are powerful, both positive and negative. There are many positive influences of hip hop, and a few examples are the breaking down of cultural barriers, the economic impact, and political awareness of pressing and urgent issues. Though there are many positive influences, there are many negative influences as well. Some of the more heated debates of the negative influences ofRead MoreThe Roots And Stylistic Foundations Of The Rap Music Tradition1778 Words   |  8 PagesCheryl L. Keyes’ â€Å"The Roots and Stylistic Foundations of the Rap Music Tradition† 1. Keyes points out that rap music derives from what she refers to as the â€Å"West African bardic tradition.† What is this tradition? What is the role of the griot in this tradition? What parallels do you see between the groit and a hip hop MC (the rapper, often the main writer of lyrics for a group)? The West African bardic tradition refers to the passing on of empirical knowledge from elders, known as griot, via a mediaRead MoreStudy Guide Hum 325 Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesscholarship of women in rap music provides a rich starting ground for explorations into the ways Black women use the whole of Hip-Hop culture to not only exert agency, claim voice, grapple with and create images, negotiate sexual and body politics, evoke Black feminism, continue lineages, and empower themselves, but also: In â€Å"Women, Rap, and the Rhetoric of Wreck,† Pough states that Queen Latifah identifies as a feminist. Pough analyzes Queen Latifah’s impact on negative representations of BlackRead MoreThe Effects Of Hip Hop Music On Society2876 Words   |  12 PagesBantou-Bruce E. 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To fully understand the detrimental impacts of gang related crime upon the United States one must first have a good knowledge of the meaning and definition of a gang and the rise of gang crime through American urban history. The Oxford English dictionary states that a gang is a Read MoreHip Hop And Rap Hop1890 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Hip-hop/rap is a subcultural movement that formed during the early 1970s in the Bronx, New York† (â€Å"Hip hop†). Hip- hop has changed the way we speak, dress, think, and has even altered the way artist make music. Traveling all around The United States, Hip-hop has made many different names for itself. There is MC Rap, Gangsta Rap, Conscious Rap, and Old School Rap sprouting from the meaning of Hip-hop, all urban genres using different types of dialect. According to Oxford Dictionaries, dialect

The Impact of Technology on the Critical Thinking of...

Chapter One: Introduction Background A university is a tertiary institution of higher learning, where persons go to obtain academic degrees and certificates in a variety of career paths. This level of educational training requires critical thinking and analytical skills. A person who is pursuing a degree or has received a degree in any subject area is expected to behave or operate in a manner that is different from a person who has not matriculated to this level. Although this is what is expected, over time behavioural patterns have shown that this is not the case. The argument is that, university students seem to be spending a great amount of time on their technological devices engaging in activities that does not stimulate critical thinking. According to Wolpert (2009), â€Å"technology plays an important role in our lives; however, skills such as critical thinking and analysis have been declining.† Wolpert further stated that â€Å"reading for pleasure, which is one of the things that should help youths in their thinking and imagination has declined.† Students are rarely read books or any form of literature that would have helped to improve their critical thinking skills. Furthermore Kurland (2000) posits that critical thinking speaks to relying on reason rather than emotion; the influence of motives and bias are measured, and all reasonable inferences are evaluated. In addition, the Foundation for Critical Thinking (2011), cited Glaser’s (1941), definition of critical thinking asShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Icts and What Types of Icts Are Commonly Used in Education?6247 Words   |  25 PagesWhat are ICTs and what types of ICTs are commonly used in education? 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Perception as a Defining Factor in Our Lives Essay Example For Students

Perception as a Defining Factor in Our Lives Essay Perception is a defining factor in all of our lives. Perception affects the way every action, choice, and decision we make is perceived. Though societal influences perception can be shaped based upon bias. The world is filled with it religious, political, sexual, and gender bias just to name a few. It is because of these biases that peoples perception is narrowed and what is deemed as â€Å"civilized† or the â€Å"right† thing to do may not always be one hundred percent true. In the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau we see a man who has looked past social norms and blazed his own path towards individual enlightenment. This is again illustrated in Lars Eighner’s essay, On Dumpster Diving. Here we see an individual that practices something that most of us would deem unsafe and weird behavior and then again our perceptions of what is correct behavior come into play. Both of these pieces illustrate that there are things that we perceive in our daily lives that may not be as concrete as we think that they are. In Lars Eighners essay we learn that Eighner has had a fascination with dumpsters and when he fell on hard times he turned to them as a source of sustenance. In his essay he explains the logistics of how to survive and how to even eat out of dumpsters. This challenges conventional wisdom and perception of what is an acceptable way of supporting yourself. In the piece it is stated that you can find a lot things in dumpsters. Many things are carelessly discarded while they are still good and useful. Food, clothing, electronics, etc. are some of the things that can be found in dumpsters. These dumpsters act as a window into the lives of many. By understanding what they throw away a intelligent â€Å"scavenger† can piece together what is happen. . not being spent on something of real importance. Both works share one come theme of social perceptions causing the waste of valuable commodities. RuPaul once said, â€Å"Were born naked; and the rest is drag†. This illustrates how social perceptions can color our thought process much like Thoreau and Eighner were illustrating in their works. The duo believed that waste stemmed from social perceptions. If something was perceived as a waste it was cast off. If something was perceived as unimportant it was cast off. If something was perceived as odd or not fitting in it was cast off without a second glance. Waste stems from perceived truths and it is these perceived truths that are the lie. Perception is something that shapes our world and drives our culture. Thoreau and Eighner were trying to explain in their works that waste is not useful because we perceive it that way.

Rewards Management for Subsistence Theory of Wages- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRewards Management for Subsistence Theory of Wages. Answer: Introduction Human resource has been considered as one of the integral and expensive asset for any of the business entity. Maintaining and managing this asset is a crucial task and should be effectively and efficiently executed. A proper management of human resource will be reflected in the increased performance level and productivity of the organization. And hence, timely motivation is must. Rewards system is one of the approaches which will be aiding the entity in offering the employees with the desired level of satisfaction (Shields et al., 2015). The below executed analysis has been made focused on the rewards systems which can be adopted by the business organizations. The report has been primarily made focused on the approaches which are linked to the reward management system. Contrasting theoretical approaches of minimum wage determination The below presented are the theoretical approaches which have been critically evaluated: Subsistence theory of wages The above mentioned theory was framed by Physiocratic school of economist of 18th century (Renz, 2016). Moreover, further developments and improvements were made by the German economists Lasalle. Afterwards it was named or styled as the Iron law of wages and brazen. More contribution was offered by Ricardo and Malthus to this theory. Assumptions On the basis of the research conducted by Ricardo the below mentioned are the two assumptions on which the theory is based: A hike will be observed in the population As per the approach, wages of a labor for long run are resolute on the basis of the level of wages which are found to be sufficient for meeting the necessities of life and this level is termed as the subsistence level (Kumar and Varaiya, 2015). Neutral level of wages is the term which has been referred by the classical economists. This made the pro-pounders of the theory to keep a belief on the bargaining power of the labors. And in these situations the trade unifications played an integral role in bringing an enhancement in the wages. There is no difference found in the wages of labor and subsistence level for long run (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). And if there is a decrease in the level of wages then the workers would face a situation of starving and which will bring a reduction in the supply and this wage rate will provide a hike to the subsistence level Whereas, if there is an increase in the wages as compared to the subsistence level the labors would be encouraged to bear more childrens and which will bring an increase in the labor supply (Hughes, 2015). And this will bring the subsistence level down. Criticism:- On the basis of the conducted research it has been noted that there are some defects of the subsistence theory of wages which are mentioned as follows: One sided theory: The theory executes examination only one side of the wage determination .i.e. supply and the demand aspect is ignored. Pessimistic: The subsistence theory of wages has a high level of pessimistic for the working class. A dark or a negative image of the future of the society is also presented. Long period: Assumption of long run is the base of this theory and it does not provide any kind of description of determination of wages for a specific time period (Haider et al., 2015). Marginal productivity of wages The above mentioned theory has been considered as an integral theory for the concept of wages. For first the theory was propounded by Thunnen and later some modifications were made by the economists like Wicksteed, Walras, and J.B Clark. The theory of marginal productivity states that the contribution served by the labor is the criteria on which the labors are paid. The main reason for which the manufacturer hires the labor is the ability which is possessed by him and which will tend him to offer to contribute to the production process (Johnston and Marshall, 2016). The more the contribution of the labor the more will be the wages paid to him and the same is in the case of low contribution the wages offered will be low. According to Dooley it has been analyzed that the term marginal productivity of labor can also be referred to the change in the total revenue by adding one more laborer and keeping all the other elements constant (Albalooshi, Ali and Al-Ansi, 2017). Whereas it has been described by the Prof S.E Thomas that as an outcome of the completion between workforce for labor and laborers for employment determination of wage rate and that is equal to the marginal productivity of labor force the owners are willing to employ. Criticism:- Unrealistic assumptions: The primary defect or fault with the theory is that it is based on impractical expectations such as homogenous character of labor; perfect completion etc. and all these assumptions do not prevail in real world. Incomplete: One more fault detected in the theory is that it fails to address into account that labor is also a occupation of wages (Joseph, 2014). The reason for low productivity may be due to the impact of low wages which have adverse impacts over the efficiency of the labor and which also leads in bringing a reduction in the labor productivity. Static theory: A criticism over the theory has been done by Lord J M Keynes that the theory is based on the static situations. This theory is proved true only when there are no changes in the economy. But in case of real practices this fails as change is the law of nature though it may come gradually. Alignment of stakeholders approaches with reward management Stakeholder is the person or the group of person who takes interest in organizational activities. Stakeholders could be affected with the organizational actions, policies, etc. Directors, employees, shareholders, suppliers, etc. are some of the crucial stakeholders of the organization. There are two types of stakeholders, one is internal and the other one is external stakeholders (Tyson, 2014). The person or the group of person linked up with the organization in the organizational premises is known as internal stakeholders such as employees, directors, managers, etc. Apart from them, all are included in the external stakeholders category such as investors, suppliers, shareholders, etc. Contemporary reward management program defines the fulfillment of the employees basic needs, prospering them adequately in relation with their performances, etc. in order to motivate them towards their tasks. In terms of the FCA (fair Work Commission), organization needs to follow the rules described by them in relation with the internal stakeholders of the organization i.e. employees (Riasat, Aslam and Nisar, 2016). These are vital element of the organization and their contribution becomes the strength for the organization in order to attain its goals and the objectives. FCA has declared some rules in relation with the industries, organizations with regards to the minimum wages for the employees in the Australia. With the effect of this rule, no organization could hire any employee below the wages described under Fair Work Act, 2009. Apart from the basic pay, this act also defines that employee should be prospered with the adequate amount of incentives, bonuses, additional benefits as per their performances. Providing additional benefits to the employees in relation with their performances helps them to get motivated and along with the employees who get additional benefits, other employees also gets motivated and they start performing better in relation with their past performances with regards to prospered with the additional benefits. This helps the organization to attain its goals and the objectives in an adequate manner. In relation to the stakeholders, approach of contemporary reward management says that every stakeholder should be flourished in monetary or in the kind form as per their performances. From directors till the workers in the internal stakeholders and from suppliers till the investors in the external stakeholders plays crucial role in organizational performances (Emmer and Sabornie, 2014). Hence, they should be flourished as per their performances in order to motivate them which will lead to complete the tasks in the certain period of time with positive outcomes. Conclusion In the limelight of the above executed analysis it has been concluded that human resource is the most valuable asset for any of the business organization and a proper management of the same should be implemented within each and every organization. Hence the above report has been made focused on the rewards systems which can be implemented so as to enhance the effectiveness and performance level. The report also comprises of the theoretical approaches for analyzing the minimum wage determination and also the limits to which the the stakeholders approaches can be aligned with contemporary reward management. References Albalooshi, A.M., Ali, A.B. and Al-Ansi, A.A., 2017. The Effect of Job Loyalty, Management Performance and Rewards and Recognition on Profitability of Islamic and Conventional Banks: Evidence from UAE.International Business Management,11(3), pp.721-728. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Emmer, E. and Sabornie, E.J. eds., 2014.Handbook of classroom management. Routledge. Haider, M., Aamir, A., Hamid, A.A. and Hashim, M., 2015. A literature analysis on the importance of non-financial rewards for employees job satisfaction.Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences,8(2), pp.341-354. Hughes, C., 2015. The rewards and challenges of setting up a tier 3 adult weight management service in primary care.Br J Obes,1(1), pp.1-40. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Joseph, N.A., 2014. Extrinsic Rewards: An Adventist Curriculum Perspective for Classroom Management.International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development,3(3), pp.15-22. Kumar, P.R. and Varaiya, P., 2015.Stochastic systems: Estimation, identification, and adaptive control. Society for industrial and applied mathematics. Renz, D.O., 2016.The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Riasat, F., Aslam, S. and Nisar, Q.A., 2016. Do Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards influence the Job satisfaction and Job performance? Mediating Role of Reward System.Journal Of Management Info,11(1), pp.16-34. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Tyson, S., 2014.Essentials of human resource management. Routledge.

Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s Essay Example For Students

Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s Essay Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s. This use of satire is consistent throughout the play, and is shown in different ways. Unnecessary violence, manipulation and self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" interest are involved in the play; these morals are related to greed, power and ceasing opportunities. These morals are portrayed though the use of satirical techniques such as irony, exaggeration and unreasonable logic. The characters in the play also resemble the characters in the Shakespeares play, Macbeth. Unnecessary violence is used throughout the play, this violence mainly occurs amongst the rulers. Violence in this play can be questioned by morals because the violence is not justified. Much of the violence that occurs in the play is conducted to gain power. But power can be acquired in other forms instead of violence, but instead the leaders decide to use force. This violence occurs primarily because of the military rule they were under previous to Basha. We see that Basha has taken part in the killing of many leaders in the past, and this killing does not stop once he has becomes the king of Guatu. We will write a custom essay on Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The theme of violence and unnecessary killing is shown through a number of satiric methods, exaggeration, unreasonable logic and the shift in perspectives of different people. Exaggeration is used in the play to point out the fact that the rulers will go to any extent to gain power. Basha says when he sees me eliminate them one after another and with ghastly tortures of first pulling out fingernails and sending him fingers and toes on birthdays of his children. He says this to Maariya after she has questioned him about Potipoos trust in him. This violence is not required and just exaggerates the brutality that goes through Bashas mind. Another scene that we see unnecessary is when Basha is trying to get bank representatives to give Basha an open cheque; the representative says that he does not have the authority to sign an open cheque. Basha says, I see. Shove this fool into open pit. Although Basha may not understand the position of the representatives, he still does not take the time to listen to their explanation, and instead answers will pure violence. This exaggerates the corruption and ignorance of the leaders during the early 1900s in Nigeria. Soyinka uses the satiric device of unreasonable logic through Basha in the play; this is to exaggerate the amount of fear and stupidity that the leaders of Nigeria had at the time. Basha says, I tell him you send me the note to get me to cause rebellion and unrest and I strangle you myself. I carry your dead body to cabinet meeting in my strong arms with tears dripping down my face and drenching my ribbons and medals and I say to Potipoo, look, I love my wife but I love my commander in chief moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The supreme council break into standing ovation Previous to this, Maariya forged a letter to the Commander in Chief Potipoo. Basha uses unreasonable logic here to solve his current situation. Basha could have gone through with this plan if Maariya didnt explain to him what she was doing. This thought of violence is inappropriate for a leader, which shows the terrible quality of leadership that Guatu was under. Here, Basha is willing to sacrifice the life of his wife just so he wont be demoted. Manipulation is used in the play to show how easy it is for someone to take over the country. .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .postImageUrl , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:visited , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:active { border:0!important; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:active , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dimmesdale In Nathaniel Hawthorne"s The Scarlet Letter EssayIn king Baabu, the people around him, mainly Maariya, are constantly dominating Basha. Manipulation is a factor that has to be considered when discussing morals; Maariya has a good opportunity to control the country through Basha. She does not care if Basha is hurt or harmed in the process, she simply wants control. Basha is being controlled and is used as a shield between Maariya and the citizens, which can be considered morally wrong. Exaggeration and irony have been used to show the manipulation through out the play. This use of manipulation can also be seen in Shakespeare play of Macbeth, as Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth. She drives him towards the throne, sometimes against his own will. Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan who was the king of Scotland; Macbeth as a result then becomes the king of Scotland. We can almost see a replica of this event in King Baabu when Maariya convinces Basha to drive Potipoo out of power. In both these plays we see a dominant female who gets into power through their spouse. If their plan fails then she would not be blamed for it, instead their spouse would. Maariya uses Basha as a shield to get into power, without taking the risk of paying the penalty. Exaggeration is used to show the ignorance of Basha in the play, it also shows the greed for power that people around Basha have. In Act 1 Scene 5, Basha is talking to the crowd and Tikim is telling Basha what to say because the crowd perceives Basha as another military ruler. Tikim says tell them Basha Bash is dead this is so that the crowd can understand that Basha will run the country as a democracy rather than a military rule. Basha says, What you say? I standing here before you and you tell me Basha Bash is dead? This irritates Tikim as Basha is so ignorant and cannot see that he is figuratively speaking. This shows the audience the type of leaders that Nigeria had at the time. Irony is commonly used in the play to show how Basha is being manipulated, and how he has no idea about what is happening around him. I agree to share the allocation for fertilizers with Potipoo. Fifty à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" fifty we make deal. If this works, I can take back my fifty and keep the entire hundred. Basha says this to Maariya after she has fully explained the plan, which is to eliminate Potipoo. This is ironic because if the plan does work then it will be Maariya that will be taking the entire hundred as she is in control. In this situation Maariya has created a plan to drive Potipoo out of leadership, but if the plan fails then Maariya will not be taking the blame, it will be Basha that will be taking the blame. She uses Basha as a shield, and as he is stupid enough to follow the lead of Maariya, she will have no problems. Another occurrence where we see Maariya take control is when Basha is just about to talk to the citizens of Guatu. Maariya is dressed in full traditional attire and Basha is dressed in military gear. She says TK Tikim will you shut him up and get him to aspire to some dignity. This is ironic as Basha is the person that is supposes to be in charge, but Maariya is the one that is dressed more appropriate; this is to send a good image of herself to the citizens of Guatu. Form these scenes we can come to understand the mentality of the people who were supporting the leader, they all want to get into power by any means necessary. And because Basha doesnt understand what is going on, it leaves him very vulnerable to manipulation. .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .postImageUrl , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:visited , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:active { border:0!important; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:active , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elizabeth Proctor EssayBasha is very materialistic, and this is obvious in the play. He says, What this dry chest know about war chest? he is referring to Maaryias breasts, and explaining to Tikim and Maaryia that she is no longer attractive. And that he wants to have many wives like King David and King Solomon. This conversation is also ironic, as Maaryia probably understands more about the war chest than Basha. She understands the value that the war chest contains and knows how to use it to the countries advantage instead of using it for personal pleasure. The plays show the level of selfishness that the leaders had, and it is exaggerated in King Baabu. In many occasions Basha talks about how he is hungry after a significant event has occurred. Basha says time not to stop this nuisance of rumbling stomach. This is after he has thrown two bank representatives into the pit. The fact that Basha says this after the event shows us what he has been thinking during his conversations with these bank representatives. By doing this Soyinka makes the audience understand the priorities of the leaders at the time, in a humorous way. Another instance where we see the selfishness of Basha is when he takes the rhinoceros horn and grinds it into powder. The rhinoceros horn could have been sold as ivory, but instead he grinds it up, and uses it as Viagra. Maaryia says we need the foreign exchange but you keep grinding them to powder to give yourself cheap erection. Here he priorities his own pleasure over the countries financial problems. Maariya says you dont become great by mixing sex with power, and in the end this rhinoceros powder kills him as it is poisoned. This just proves Maariyas statement to be true. These satiric techniques are what highlight the morals of the play, it sends out the morals to the audience in a comical way. The use of satire gives the audience a clear understanding of what was happening in Nigeria in the early 1990s. Presenting the scenes in a comical way will allow the audience to truly understand what was happening from a primary source, Soyinka. Morals in this play are an important part, as the play has to convey the message of what was happening, such as the unnecessary violence, death, corruption and greed.

Scholarship Essay Sample - Write An Essay With A Purpose

Scholarship Essay Sample - Write An Essay With A PurposeTaking a scholarship essay sample can be helpful to you in presenting your case for college admission. Writing a good one can make you stand out among the many thousands of applicants who have applied for the same thing. However, you cannot just copy and paste a solution and call it a job well done. There are various tips that will help you write a more effective and comprehensive essay.First, you should think about your writing style before you begin writing your essay. The best one can be 'tell me about yourself'. The length of the essay should also depend on how much information you have to tell. If you have a lot of things to say, then you may have to get into details about your work experience, past school life, etc. This may seem very formal but will help you get your point across.Second, keep the essay simple. Your essay should be easy to understand and some parts of it should not contain complex information. The scholars hip essay sample should come from the common mind and could not contain technicalities. It should also come without repetition. Make sure you do not bring in things that may be outdated.Be honest and sincere. People will not like to see through your fake characteristics. You need to play your part in giving an honest impression. Make sure your essay is full of real thoughts and ideas that can be found in any normal college student's mind.Point out the best and worst aspects of your life. This is a great way to explain to your parents why you are not an idiot. It will also help you to convince the counselors that you know what you are doing. It is important to point out the positive aspects of your life such as your achievements, talents, skills, etc. Make sure you touch on the areas where you might have to learn to rely on yourself.Explain your character and traits that people will easily connect with and this will create a personal impression. You can describe your qualities as 'am azing', 'talented', 'good at math', 'very considerate', etc. These will allow you to showcase your good points and highlight the good ones. Do not use superlatives in describing your skills. Use facts and statistics, that will help to convince the writer.It is best if you get feedback from people who have taken the same scholarship and write to them and ask their opinion. This will help you get the most accurate result and will also help you to fine tune your essay.

Literature Review on Breast Reconstructive Surgery The WritePass Journal

Literature Review on Breast Reconstructive Surgery Literature Review on Breast Reconstructive Surgery IntroductionLiterature reviewQuantitative studiesQualitative studiesStudy DesignMethods and MethodologySampleAccessEthics approvalToolsRigorPilot StudyData collection analysisLimitationsTimetableBudgetConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Research is from the French word â€Å"research† which literally means to investigate thoroughly. It is a process of systematic enquiry into a particular subject (phenomenon) which intends to create new knowledge and is governed by scientific principles (Cormack 1996). The department of health (DOH) defines research as: â€Å"the attempt to derive generalised new knowledge by addressing clearly defined questions with systematic and rigorous methods† (DOH 2005). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) clearly states that nurses must deliver care based on the best available evidence or best practice. That any advice they give is evidence based if they suggest healthcare products or services and they must have the knowledge and skills for safe and effective practice. Nurses are expected to practice within an evidence based practice framework by utilising current, reliable and valid research (Smith Donze 2010). To achieve this, nurses should be familiar with the research process and how to incorporate findings into practice. Nurses who practice evidence based are fulfilling their responsibility to patients and their professional regulatory body. Nursing research can provide a hugely exciting and challenging facet to the concept that is nursing. Being the largest workforce within the National Health Service (NHS), they are the professionals with the most direct contact with patients it stands to reason that this workforce should have robust evidence to support their practice interventions (Parahoo2006). Patients can be asked to make decisions when they are emotionally fragile and thrust into an often unfamiliar world of doctors, nurses, hospital environments where the language used can seem unfamiliar. Working in the field of breast cancer can provide many opportunities to explore the experiences of women as they strive to make decisions about their physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Making a decision to undergo a breast reconstruction following mastectomy due to breast cancer can be harrowing and efforts must be made to ensure healthcare providers afford the best opportunities that enable women understand this process. A literature search using databases Medline, [emailprotected], British Nursing Index, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO was conducted to review previous research undertaken to determine influencing factors on decision making. The terms breast cancer, breast reconstruction, decision making, patient satisfaction and quality of life, Breast Care Nurse and Breast Clinical, Nurse Specialist were used. Results were limited to the English language, relevant to humans. Literature review A literature review should provide a rationale for the study, show why the study is required and how it will add to the body of knowledge already known about the phenomenon. (Parahoo 2006, Cormack1996). Adjusting to a diagnosis and the treatment options of breast cancer is a complex process (Brennan 2001). The process is influenced by numerous factors (Wenzel, Fairclough, Brady, Cella, Garret, Klushman 1999) and altered body image is one of the most significant (DeFrank, Mehta, Stein, Baker 2007). In the last few years there has been increasing attention paid to the role, perceived body image plays in   patient’s, diagnosed with breast cancer has on this adjustment. Pikler and Winterowed (2003) prove that patients who essentially felt good about their body were more firm in their belief in their ability to cope with the disease and the subsequent treatments. Women’s emotional and psychosocial functioning may be significantly affected when Coping with a diagnosis of breast cancer, which may impair their decision making ability. Reaby (1999) supports this view suggesting â€Å"their ability to make an informed decision about breast restoration is greatly reduced because of the emotional and physiological conditions created by their health crisis†. Literature supports the process of breast reconstruction following mastectomy as increasing long term health and wellbeing (Streu, Chung Alderman 2009). This assumption is refuted by Harcourt Rumsey (2001) who suggest this belief is not supported by evidence and further inquiry is required. However whilst there is much literature available highlighting the effects of timing of breast reconstruction, type of reconstruction (autologous or implant) and of the impact other treatment modalities may have on a technical success there is little robust evidence to support one method in favour of another in terms of quality of life or body image (Potter Winters 2008) . Guidelines have been produced by The Association of Breast Surgery, The British Association of Plastic, reconstructive and Anaesthetic Surgeons and the Training Interface Group which recognised that it is difficult to conduct controlled trials in this cohort and hopes the guidance will provide standards for safe breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer (Lee Bishop 2009). There remains a lack of consensus on when to perform the procedure, what procedure should be performed and which patients are/are not suitable to undergo the procedure.   Without consensus guidance from professionals cannot be anything other than subjective and ultimately can lead to decisions which are not fully informed (Lee, Dominik, Levin, Barry,Cosenza, O’Connor, Mulley Sepucha 2010). The authors of this study report on the necessity of tools to assess the quality of the patient’s decision making which will reflect shared decision making. Quantitative studies The reviewed literature highlights various findings on the decisions women make regarding breast reconstruction. Chevray (2008) suggests that women are not adequately informed about the availability of this option.   Older age and the less educated are less likely to opt for breast reconstruction according to (Greenberg, Schneider, Ko, Lipitz, Mallin, Epstein, Weeks Kahn 2007). Theses particular studies are American where the healthcare system is different from that in theUnited Kingdom. They were quantitative, retrospectively analysed from existing databases and neither study reflected the women’s personal experiences of the process they found themselves having to make decisions within. Limitations to the study such as women’s access to specialist centres for breast reconstruction and financial cost, if not adequately covered by insurance, which may have precluded them from breast reconstruction are not addressed in the findings. Falbijork, Karlsson, Salander, Rasussen (2010) concluded similar results with regard to age but did not take into consideration the meaning of mastectomy or body image to   women although recognise these variables should be considered. They conclude that age is of paramount importance for further studies to enable understanding women’s choices. Stacey, Spring, Breslin, Rao Gutowski (2008) reinforced the multifactorial nature of decision making regarding breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer. They evaluated the attitudes of circa 100 general surgeons to breast reconstruction; 40% did not refer all patients for breast reconstruction citing reasons which included refusal by patient, need for radiation treatment, may delay adjuvant oncological treatment, patient issues or the lack of available plastic surgeons.   One of the conclusions they reached highlighted the need for education of the referring surgeon and patient about options and indications for reconstructive surgery. A related study by Reefy, Patani, Burgoyne Osman Mokbel (2010) reviewed 127 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction following skin sparing mastectomy for early breast cancer. The patients were followed up for 36 months the procedure was associated with low morbidity and deemed oncologically safe for T, T1 T2 tumours without extensive skin involvement. It stated that 85% of patients who required either prior or post mastectomy radiation treatment underwent capsulotomy for significant capsule formation. In keeping with Stacey et al (2008) focus should be on the education of surgeons and patients on the effective, safest management of breast reconstruction to guide informed decision making. Lee, Belkora, Chang, Moy Patridge Sepucha (2011) evaluated patient decision making about breast reconstruction (BR) and patient involvement in the process and concluded that patients were not well informed about BR and as such would benefit from interventions which supported their decision making. Winters, Benson Pusic (2010) systematically reviewed 1012 abstracts of which 34 papers included Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) outcomes in breast reconstruction. Their findings showed that robust scientific data is sparse in methodology on HRQoL studies and increasingly patients and healthcare providers seek meaningful information to guide decision making. They concur with Lee Bishop (2009) that randomised clinical trials are required to establish guidelines to inform decision making. Another study carried out by Jeevan, Cromwell, Brown Traveller Pereira, Caddy, Sheppard Van Der Mullen (2010) identified that of 44, 837 women who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer, 7375 underwent immediate reconstruction. (IR) They showed that the uptake rate for IR was highest in the younger age group (50 years of age) and lowest in those over 70 years, a finding which concurs with Greenberg et al (2007) Falbijork et al (2010). Jeevan et al focused on the regional variations of IR uptake and showed that women from more deprived areas were less likely to undergo IR as were non white women. This is direct contrast to Osborn, Hodin, Drew, Fielder, Vaughn-Williams Sweetland (2005) who found no association between deprivation and ethnicity and treatment choice but did find older age as an indicator of being less likely to undergo breast reconstruction. Qualitative studies Qualitative studies have attempted to establish patterns in women decision making when considering surgical options. Reaby (1998) developed a decision making model hope to enhance decision making capability of the women. It seems to be designed to essentially slow down the women’s decision making to allow time for her to explore her understanding of the options that should have been presented to her, to alert that there may be options available and to explore the impact such decision making may be having on her and her family. The study Reaby conducted suggested that the specialist nurse was in a valuable position to undertake the role of providing physiological and psychological support, acting as their advocate thus enhancing the decision making process. Harcourt Rumsey (2001) conducted a literature review identified the need for further research into the experiences of women deciding for or against reconstruction and the process by which they decide. They highlight that studies in their review did not take cognisance of the nurse specialist. They identified the drawback of randomised controlled trials citing them as inappropriate in this area, and suggest that research in this area should be prospective and from the time of diagnosis. This is an identified gap this study seeks to address. Three years later Harcourt Rumsey (2004) followed up their previous research showing that individually, women need appropriate information, time to make decisions and ongoing emotional support. Limitations to the study were that interviews were conducted post decision which left the gathered information subject to recall and there were unidentified difficulties with the study being prospective. Lally (2009) study involving 18 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer who were to make decisions regarding surgical options, showed that women felt supported by specialist nurses and the surgeon in their decision making. This has implications for clinical practice providing evidence of the importance of the availability of these healthcare professionals to this patient cohort. Wolf (2004ab) identified the importance of the role of the breast clinical nurse specialist in facilitating the process of how patients receive information. Information giving has been associated with increased autonomy, moving away from a paternalistic approach and considered to help patients cope with cancer. Study Design Qualitative research seeks to lend understanding of how people think individually and as part of a group. The approach is one that is interactive, holistic and inductive, data collection is flexible and reflexive (Parahoo 2006). This results in data collection and analysis that has evolved as the researcher gains insight and new questions emerge throughout the process (Pollit Beck 2004). The following study design describes the approach to enquiry, the methods and methodology to be used to collect data, when, where and from whom the data will be collected and how the data will be analysed. Methods and Methodology In quantitative research comes from a philosophical paradigm which suggests  Ã‚   that human phenomena can be subject to objective study (Parhaoo 2006). Historically quantitative researchers believed that human behaviour could be predicted, a belief based on the positivist approach to natural science that the world works according to fixed laws of cause and effect or causality by testing hypothesis and theories (Muijs 2011). This approach strives for objectivity and to avoid bias advocates distance between researcher and subject (Holloway Wheeler 2002). Quantitative research has been used by nurses dating back to the Crimean war (1853-1856) and can produce robust scientific data which is essential for evidence based practice (Parahoo 2006). However it has been criticised for being narrow and inflexible, of focussing on a small part of the human experience where nursing concerns itself with a holistic approach (Pollit Beck2004). In comparison qualitative research is flexible and the relationship between researcher and participant less formal. Phenomenology, grounded theory and ethnography are the main research traditions which underpin the philosophical approach to qualitative research (Polit Hungler 1997). Such research traditions explore the subjective nature of the human experience (Magilvy2003) and aim to collect data in naturalistic environments ensuring a holistic approach to data gathering which requires the researcher to be intensely involved in the fieldwork   as â€Å"a full co-participant†(Polit Beck 2008). Each of the disciplines focuses on the experience of human beings and their interpretation of the experience (Holloway Wheeler 2002). The approaches demand careful collection and analysis of rich in-depth data to provide a comprehensive understanding of peoples thinking and behaviour which can improve efficiency and predict outcomes in the healthcare setting (Parahoo 2006). Qualitative research has been criticised as anecdotal, for producing findings that are neither scientific nor generalisable and, due to the intense involvement of the researcher, objectivity is lost (Parahoo2006). To reduce researcher bias or maintain objectivity in data collection a process known as bracketing may be used which enables the setting aside any personal beliefs, prior knowledge or expectations the researcher has regarding the study. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are appropriate for nursing research and both create or increase knowledge that may explain or describe the phenomenon being studied (Harper Hartman1997). The intent of this study is to explore and lend understanding about how women decide to uptake breast reconstruction or not following mastectomy for breast cancer therefore a qualitative approach will fit as it seeks to explore the experiences of decision making. Sample Sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population from the total population of the subject of the enquiry; a sample is a subset of that population (Pollit Beck 2004). Sampling allows cost effective research as resources such as time and funds are likely to be limited and can provide robust information. There are two basic types of sample; probability and non-probability. A probability sample is randomly selected in contrast a non-probability sample is chosen to provide the sought data (Parahoo 2006). The selection of the sample should be robust enough to identify and use the participants who can supply the information to inform the study (Polit Hungler 1997).Qualitative researchers aim to gather data which is rich and in-depth; this is the underlying principle which guides the sampling technique. For the purpose of this study the researcher intends to recruit 8-10 participants using purposeful sampling technique. Polit and Beck (2008) describe this as using the researcher’s knowledge about the sample population to â€Å"hand pick† potential participants who will most benefit the study.   These individuals will be sampled as those most likely to be able to provide information on decision to undergo reconstruction following mastectomy or not. Sample size does not determine importance of the study or the quality of the data, in qualitative research too large a sample size risks loss of depth and meaning and may reduce the richness of the data (Holloway Wheeler 2002).Some texts recommend between six and eight participants (Holloway Wheeler 2002) others suggest size should be based on informational needs (Polit Beck 2004). If saturation occurs before this number is achieved then recruitment will be limited to the saturation point. Saturation refers to the point when no further meaningful data is obtained and as such the number of participants can be led by the fullness of the data collected (Wood Ross-Kerr 2006). Access To address the research question, the researcher initially considered recruiting female patients requiring mastectomy to the study at the time of diagnosis when discussion regarding breast reconstruction cancer would occur. However, following discussion with the course leader and a period of reflection, it was decided that this was a vulnerable cohort and it would not be ethical to approach them at a time when they were trying to process information regarding a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatments. A decision was taken to approach the women 3-6 months post diagnosis when their rationale for their decision was still clear to them and breast cancer support mechanisms were in place. The intention is to approach the consultants who are responsible for breast cancer patients in a specific regional area for permission to recruit the patients. Being part of the multidisciplinary team, as a breast clinical nurse specialist, involved in managing the care of these women, the researcher is known to the consultants and does not anticipate any objection to this. Individual participants will be approached by the researcher and given verbal and written information about the study, a suitable length of time to decide to take part or not will be agreed. The individual will be reassured that their decision will be respected and, regardless of outcome, they will continue to receive care without bias. The researcher may be the healthcare professional designated to fulfil a particular aspect of care of some of the sample group. It is anticipated that this would not bias any data collection as the same level of professional intervention is given to all patients undertaking this decision making process. Goodman Moule (2009) highlight the responsibility of the nurse researcher to inform the participant that they are acting as a researcher. Bracketing can be utilised to suspend any researcher beliefs or preconceptions. This theory will be tested in the pilot study and should any bias be revealed then the researcher will ensure the standard care of the study cohort is supplied by an independent practioner. Potential participants will be recruited at a planned follow up appointment where patients attend for review of their treatment. This negates the requirement of an extra appointment for participants. Ethics approval Research supports the development of nursing knowledge and as individuals and professionals nurses undertaking research must consider the ethical issues that can arise (Smith Hunt 1997). When participants in research are vulnerable, as in the health care system, their rights must be protected (Wood Ross-Kerr 2006). The Royal College of Nursing Research Society Ethics Guidance Group (2009) highlight that nurses can have a variety of roles in research including carrying out their own projects, that it is important the nurse understands the important issues in research practice and it is their role to protect the participant and their rights. Beauchamp Childress (1983) illustrate the concept of biomedical standards as four principles; respect for Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence and Justice which underpin healthcare ethics. Without understandable information an individual is not able to make an autonomous decision to participate in research or not; they are therefore unable to give informed consent. Berendt, Golz, Bertz Wunsch (2011) conducted a qualitative study asking what patients understood about trial participation, specifically assessing their understanding of informed consent and discovered that patients’ understanding was less than anticipated and the patients’ identified needs including â€Å" clear informed consent consultations†. The notion of informed consent encompasses; the right to be informed, consent to be given voluntarily and competence of the participant (Tschudin 2003). The participants anonymity and confidentiality must be protected therefore any information provided by interviewees will not identify them nor will it be accessible to others. For the purpose of the study suitable storage for data pertaining to the research will be sought. Prior to seeking approval for the study from the local National Health Service (NHS) research ethics committee and the local research and development department, the researcher will seek guidance from the appointed academic supervisor. To ensure informed consent participant information sheets about the study purpose which will include any benefits and risks, dissemination of results, assurance of participant anonymity and consent forms will be provided. Participants will be advised they are free to withdraw from the study at ant time without penalty and asked to sign a consent form a copy of which will be given to the participant and one retained by the researcher. Consent forms and information sheets will be utilised using guidance from the National Research Ethics Service website www.nres.npsa.nhs.uk/. Participants may recall experiences that cause emotional distress and as their needs are greater than those of the study the process would be suspended or discontinued ( Thompson, Melia Boyd 2000). Tools The intention is to generate data using in-depth unstructured interviews which enable the informant unlimited opportunity to convey their perception of events. This is an intentional approach to discovering the participants lived experience of the phenomenon and the interviewers’ ability to listen and convey respect and importance of the experience is crucial (Oman, Krugman Fink 2003). Unstructured interviews are purposeful conversations which enable rich but often unquantifiable information about the phenomenon (Smith Hunt 1997) the conversations are interactive and usually begin with general questions to enable truly unstructured interview, for example â€Å"What happened when you first learned you would need to undergo mastectomy?† (Polit Beck 2004).   Interviews can last from thirty minutes to two hours and interviewer/interviewee interaction may vary therefore in qualitative interviews flexibility of the researcher is key to obtaining useful data (Parahoo 2006). Structuring data generated from unstructured interviews is known as content analysis and themes will be looked for in the data and divided into categories. The categories that will be developed are dependent on the researcher and can be further categorised into frequency tables to indicate the frequency of the response (Wood Ross-Kerr 2006). The qualitative interviewer is the tool of data collection as it will be she who analysis data in her mind during interviews thereafter transcribing and presenting the data in a way that can be easily understood (Parahoo 2006). Rigor Qualitative researchers recognise the subjective nature of the interview process and seek to ensure rigor by incorporating reflexivity and validation of data by the interviewee, reflexivity enables the respondent to report on the accurateness of the transcribed interview and can provide opportunity for clarification (Parahoo 2006). Others utilise four criteria to establish trustworthiness; credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability (Polit Hungler 1997). Credibility refers to trust in the data enhanced by giving sufficient time to gather data to give in-depth understanding of the study cohort. Member checking is regarded as an important technique for establishing the credibility of qualitative data and involves feedback of the data and researchers findings and recording the respondent’s reactions.   Peer debriefing relates to the exposure of the researcher to others who are experienced in either qualitative inquiry or the studied subject who can review as pects of the inquiry. Dependability refers to the ability of the data to stand the test of time regardless of the conditions and is liked to confirmability. Confirmability is a measure of the objectivity of the data and as such the researcher should present an audit trail of the data, methods and decisions to an external auditor to check trustworthiness. This strategy may offer some protection to support trustworthiness but caution should be used; the unique nature of inquiry may not lend themselves well to different interpretations of data. Transferability requires the researcher to demonstrate the extent their findings can be applied to other contexts (Goodman Moule 2009). Pilot Study A pilot study is a trial of the research method on a small scale the purpose of which is to ensure the study design is feasible (Presly 1996, Polit Beck2004). A pilot study will be conducted using an unstructured interview as planned for the main study. This will enable a trial of the interview process, gauge length of time interviews may take and allow the researcher to familiarise herself with technical equipment (Lacey 2006). Data collection analysis Data collection refers to the way information is collected, recorded and presented to address a research inquiry (Clamp, Gough Land 2004).High quality data increases the value of the research and the aim of the qualitative data analysis in this study is to structure the data into meaningful units using thematic analysis. This stepwise approach begins with the researcher identifying themes in the data, thereafter categorising the themes; this may be a natural occurrence or the researcher must decide the category. The final step is to structure the data and this can be achieved by developing a frequency table which serves to identify the frequency of every category, the response rate and number of participants who gave the same response (Brink Wood 2001). The researcher intends to audio tape participants during unstructured interviews, using field notes to complement data collection. Field notes can facilitate deeper understanding of the data as it enables conveyance intangible elements such as body language and feelings. They are also useful in the event of failure of audio equipment. Limitations Surgery for breast cancer is an emotional experience and mastectomy can be particularly harrowing as women face disfiguring surgery and a potentially life threatening disease. Making decisions at a difficult time may render potential study participants emotionally unavailable which may impact on recruitment to the study and delay the planned recruitment period. Should this situation evolve the intended cohort will be extended to include those women who underwent mastectomy more than six months previously but no longer that eight months to capture the freshness of their experience. The study forms part of a Masters programme which allows circa ten months for the completion of the study therefore any delay in the timeline could be crucial. As such ethical approval will be sought early to facilitate a prompt beginning to data collection. Timetable Details of the plan of work and timescales show the expected duration of each stage of the study and endeavour to show the feasibility of the study (Cormack1996). A Timetable for the proposed study has been prepared (appendix 2) and will be adhered to. It demonstrates the beginning and expected conclusion of the study activities and shows where they run simultaneously. Budget The budget estimation for this enquiry is as follows: Researcher time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Agreed by local management / colleagues Transcribers’ time (agreed)                  Ã‚ £ 40.00 Paper                                                                                 Ã‚ £ Ink                                                                                       Ã‚ £ Transport costs                                                  £ Postal costs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    £ Conclusion The reviewed literature reveals a variety of reasons why breast reconstructive surgery is undertaken by some women following mastectomy for breast cancer. These include age, socio economic status, ethnicity, availability of surgeon, potential effects of radiotherapy id required amongst others. It has been highlighted that decision making ability may be impaired due to emotional conditions caused by a health crisis. All of the research identified the need for further research. There was very limited inquiry into how the women made their choices and none of it captured the women’s experiences of making the decision. This study provides an opportunity to discover how women feel about making decisions. It is anticipated such a study could enhance how healthcare providers attend to the needs of women who must make a decision to undergo breast reconstruction following mastectomy due to breast cancer. References Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (1983) Principles of Biomedical Ethics 4th Ed Oxford University Press.Oxford. Behrendt C, Golz T, Roesler C, Bertz H Wunsch A (2011) What do our patients understand about their trial participation? 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